Fluids & Electriolytes

Vitamins:

• regulate body processes that support growth and maintain life

Minerals

structural components or regulators of body processes

How are vitamins & minerals different from macronutrients

• Structure: minerals always retain their identity

• Function: vitamins and minerals do not yield usable energy when metabolized

• Food contents: consumption measured in micrograms and milligrams

What is bioavailability

• the amount of vitamins and minerals absorbed and used by the body

What is bioavailability varied by

• Transit time of GI tract

• Previous nutrition intake and nutrition status

• Food preparation

• Source of nutrient

• Presence of other foods

What is a binder

Can reduce the absorption of minerals

What is the chemical nature of vitamins?

They can be destroyed during processingWga

What happens when you process minerals

Since they are inorganic, they are not impacted by the processing methodWh

What is the composition of water in the body?

75% of the weight in lean tissue

25% of the weight of fat

What are the responsibilities of water in the body?

• Transport vehicle

• Cleaning agent

• participates in metabolic reactions

• serves as a solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, etc.

• acts as lubricant and cushion for joints, digestive and respiratory tract & mucus linings

• protects spinal cord and fetus from shock (i.e., amniotic sac)

• keeps optimal pressure on eye retina & lens

• body temperature regulation (i.e., sweat)

• maintaining the body’s blood volume

INtracellular fluid vs extra cellular fluid

Intra: water inside cells

Extra: water outside cells

Interstitial vs intravascular fluid:

Inter: Fluid between the cells

Intra: Fluid inside the blood vessels

Howw much is the obligatory water excretion?

500 ml (2 cups) each day

hard vs soft water

hard: high concentration of calcium and magnesium

Soft: High concentrations of sodium or potassium

RAAS

process of narrowing blood vessels to increase blood pressuure

what is the split of how much fluids must be inside the cell vs outside the cell?

2/3 in the cell, 1/3 outside the cell

What causes fluid & electrolyte imbalance?

loss of water & minerals from the cells

What are mineral salts

They dissolve in water to form to separate ions

Electrolytes

ions in water carry electrical current

How do electrolytes attract water?

Because water is polar, the oxygen part attracts to the electrical current

Osmotic pressure

amount of pressure needed to prevent movement of water across a membrane

How are proteins involved in the movement of water

They act as transporters to allow movement of substances from one side of the cell to the other

What happens when there is excessive fluids?

Vomitting, diarrhea

How do minerals help with acid base balance?

They act as buffers, where they maintain pH of a solution by gathering or releaseing h+ ionsWha

Major minerals vs trace minerals

Major: found greater than 5G in the human body

Trace: less than 5g

What makes sodium special as a mineral?

It is the chief ion outside of cells

What does sodium do?

Works with chloride and potassium to maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance. laos essential to muscle contraction & nerve impulse transmission

AI recommendations for sodium

• 19-50 y/o: 1500mg/d

• 51-70 y/o: 1300 mg/d

• <70 y/o: 1200 mg/d

What is hyponatremia

too little sodium in the blood

Why is chloride important?

it is the major negative ion in the body

What does chloride do

Helps maintain acid base baalnce, fluid & electrolytes too

AI recommendation for chloride

• 19-50 y/o: 2300mg/day

• 51-70 y/o: 2000mg/day

• <70 y/o: 1800mg/day

What is the split of 1 g of salt in NaCl?

1g salt = 600mg Cl + 400 mg Na

Why is potassium important

principal positively charged ion inside body cells

What does K do?

Plays a major role in maintaining fluid & electrolyte balance & cell integrity. Also facilitates making proteins,. nerve impulse transmission and contraction of heart muscles

What is the ai for K?

• 2600mg/day women

  • 3400mg/day men

Why is phosphorus important?

It is the major negatively charged mineral found inside cells (second most abundant mineral in the body)

Why is P important

• part of cell’s genetic material (dna, rna)

• essential for growth and renewal of cells

• principal component of cell membranes (phospholipids)

• assists in energy transfer (carry, store, and release energy)

• assists many enzymes & vitamins in extracting energy from nutrients

• plays a critical role in buffering systems (to maintain acid-base balance of cellular fluids

What are the recommendations for P?

• rda: 700mg/day

• ul: 4000mg/day