PSYC 290 Midterm Study Guide

Development

refers to the systematic changes and continuities that occur within an individual between conception and death. These changes can include physical, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects.

How Long is Development

Development is a lifelong process, extending from conception to the end of life.

What Makes Development Multidimensional

Development involves changes in various domains, including physical, cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions.

What Makes Development Multidisciplinary

Development is studied by experts from various disciplines, including psychology, biology, sociology, anthropology, and neuroscience

What Makes Development Multidirectional

- Development is characterized by gains and losses, growth and decline, in different aspects across the lifespan.

What Makes Development Plastic:

- Development is plastic, meaning it can be shaped and influenced by various factors, including experiences and interventions.

What Makes Development Contextual

- Development is influenced by the context in which it occurs, including cultural, historical, social, and environmental factors.

Normative Age-Graded Influences:

- Normative age-graded influences are events or experiences that are typical for people of a certain age group, such as starting school, puberty, or retirement.

How Can a Nonnormative Event Influence a Person's Development:

- Nonnormative events are atypical occurrences. They can have a significant impact on an individual's development by shaping their unique life trajectory, for example, a car accident or winning the lottery.

Infancy

Birth to 2 years

Early Childhood

2 to 6 years

Adolescence

12 to 18 years

Early Adulthood

20 to 40 years

Middle Adulthood

40 to 65 years

Late Adulthood

85 years and above

Continuity-Discontinuity Issues in Development

- Continuity suggests that development is gradual and continuous, while discontinuity suggests abrupt changes or stages. The debate centers on whether development is a smooth progression or marked by distinct stages.

Four-Step Process in the Scientific Method

- Observation, Hypothesis, Testing, Conclusion.

Surveys

Collect data from a group of participants to observe patterns

Correlational Research

- Examines the relationships between two or more variables without manipulating them.

Cause and Effect Research:

- Involves manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable, establishing causation.

Cross-Sectional Research:**

- Involves studying individuals of different ages at the same time, providing a snapshot of development.

Longitudinal Research

- Involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period, providing insights into developmental changes over time.

Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy

- Focuses on the development of trust in the infant's primary caregiver.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood

- Involves the development of a sense of independence and autonomy in children.

Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool

- Children begin to explore their environment and develop a sense of initiative.

Industry vs. Inferiority (Elementary School)

- Focuses on the development of a sense of competence and mastery in academic and social tasks.

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)

- Involves the formation of a stable and coherent sense of self and identity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood):

Focuses on the development of intimate relationships with others.

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood):

- Involves the desire to contribute to the well-being of future generations.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood

- Focuses on reflecting on life, finding meaning, and accepting the inevitability of death.

Isolation

The stage of intimacy vs. isolation where individuals seek meaningful relationships.

Despair

The stage of ego integrity vs. despair where individuals reflect on their life and experiences a sense of fulfillment or despair.

Observational Learning:

Emphasizes the importance of observing, imitating, and modeling behavior from others in the learning process

Microsystems

are the immediate environments and settings where an individual's life takes place, including family, school, peers, and community

Chromosomes

- Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in their cells.

Fraternal Twins:**

also known as dizygotic twins, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm. They share approximately 50% of their genetic material.

Genotype

- Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, representing the specific genes they inherit from their parents.

Down Syndrome

a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is associated with intellectual disabilities and distinctive physical features.

Klinefelter Syndrome:

is a chromosomal disorder where males have an extra X chromosome (XXY). It can result in physical and developmental differences.

Fragile X Syndrome

genetic disorder that causes intellectual disabilities and behavioral challenges. It results from a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.

Turner Syndrome

is a chromosomal condition affecting females, where one of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing. It can lead to short stature and reproductive issues.

XYY Syndrome

syndrome is a chromosomal condition where males have an extra Y chromosome (XYY). It occurs randomly and is not typically associated with severe physical or intellectual disabilities.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

a genetic disorder where the body cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. If untreated, it can lead to intellectual disabilities. Newborns are often screened for PKU.

Sickle Cell Anemia

a genetic blood disorder where red blood cells assume a sickle shape, leading to various complications. It most likely affects individuals of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian descent.

Cystic Fibrosis

a genetic disorder affecting the respiratory and digestive systems. It results in the production of thick mucus, leading to respiratory and digestive difficulties.

Tay-Sachs Disease:

is a genetic disorder causing the accumulation of harmful substances in the brain. It most commonly affects individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.

. Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS):

is a prenatal diagnostic test that involves taking a small sample of placental tissue to detect genetic abnormalities. It is usually performed between 10-13 weeks of pregnancy.

Amniocentesis

is a prenatal diagnostic test where a small amount of amniotic fluid is sampled to assess genetic abnormalities. It is typically performed around 15-20 weeks of pregnancy.

Fertility Expert Consultation

If a couple is having difficulty conceiving, it is generally recommended to see a fertility expert after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse without conception

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

is a fertility treatment where an egg and sperm are combined outside the body and the resulting embryo is then implanted in the uterus. It is often used for couples facing fertility challenges.

passive genotype-environment correlations

Results from the biological parents providing both genes and the environment.

Evocative Genotype Environment Correlations

Occur when an individual's genetic predispositions evoke responses from others in the environment.

Active Genotype Environment:

Results from an individual's choice of environments that match their genetic predispositions.

Nonshared Environmental Experience:

Unique environmental influences that contribute to differences among siblings with the same genetic makeup

First Trimester

0-12 weeks

Second Trimester:

13 - 26 weeeks

Third Trimester

27-40 weeks(birth)

Embryo

is the developing organism from fertilization until the end of the eighth week of pregnancy. After the eighth week, it is referred to as a fetus.

Defects from Ectodermal Formation

result in various abnormalities, including neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida), craniofacial abnormalities, and disorders related to the skin, hair, and nervous system.

First 8 Weeks of Conception:

major organs and structures of the embryo are formed through a process called organogenesis.

Mother Feeling Kicking

around 18-25 weeks of pregnancy.

Second Stage of Childbirth

the cervix is fully dilated, and it involves the active pushing and delivery of the baby.

Midwives

Trained healthcare professionals who provide medical care during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum.

Doulas

Non-medical birth companions who offer emotional and physical support to the mother during childbirth.

Apgar Scale

used to assess a newborn's physical condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, evaluating heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflexes, and skin color. Scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating better overall health.

Low Birthweight

defined as a weight less than 2,500 grams (5.5 pounds) at birth. It can result from preterm birth or intrauterine growth restriction.

Cephalocaudal Pattern

refers to the principle that development tends to occur from the head downward, meaning that the upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts.

Proximodistal Pattern

Development starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities.

Mass-to-Specific Pattern

Large structures and movements develop before finer details and specific abilities.

Shaken Baby Syndrome

form of abusive head trauma that occurs when a baby is violently shaken, leading to brain injury. It can result in severe consequences, including developmental delays and cognitive impairments.

Importance of Frontal Lobe

is crucial for functions such as executive functioning, decision-making, impulse control, and personality.

Temporal Lobes

are involved in auditory processing, memory, and language comprehension.

Myelin Sheath

is a fatty, insulating layer that surrounds nerve fibers and facilitates the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

Newborn Sleep

15-17 hours a day

1-3 hour segments

Half in rem

Infant Sleep and REM

Infants spend a significant portion of their sleep in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which is crucial for brain development and learning.

Sudden Infant Death

- The highest risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is between 2 and 4 months of age, peaking around 2-3 months.

Calories for a 2-Month-Old

- Caloric needs for infants vary, but a general guideline is around 50-55 calories per pound of body weight. A 2-month-old infant may consume approximately 16-24 ounces of breast milk or formula per day.

. Kwashiorkor Syndrome

- Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition caused by insufficient protein intake. It often leads to edema (swelling), skin lesions, and impaired growth in children.

Simple Reflex

Involuntary responses to specific stimuli, like the rooting reflex.

Suck Reflex

Triggered by something touching the baby's palate.

Startle Reflex (Moro Reflex):

A response to a sudden loud noise or movement.

Cough Reflex

Protects the airway from irritants