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Information Processing Model
The brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer.
Sensorimotor
0 → 2 yrs. Child manipulates the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions. Object permanence develops at the end of this stage.
Preoperational
2 → 7 yrs. Pretend play, symbolic thinking so they learn to talk, egocentrism & centration.
Concrete Operational
7 → 11 yrs. Understands the feelings of others. Conservation develops. Math.
Formal Operational
11 years and older. Abstract thought and problem solving. Moral reasoning.
Trial-and-Error
A problem-solving method involving repeated, varied attempts until success.
Algorithms
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.
Deductive Reasoning
Form conclusions from rules.
Inductive Reasoning
Form conclusions from evidence.
Mental Set
A pattern of approach for a given problem.
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized. Creates barriers to problem-solving.
Heuristics
"Rules of thumb"
Availability Heuristic
When we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined.
Representativeness Heuristic
The tendency to make decisions about actions/events based on our standard representations of the events.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to focus on information that fits an individual's beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against those beliefs.
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
7 areas of intelligence; Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal.
Alertness
State of being awake and thinking. EEG shows BETA waves when alert or concentrating, ALPHA waves when awake but tired, eyes closed. BETA: ↑freq ↓amp; ALPHA: Synchronous
Sleep
More info on right
Hypnosis
Individuals appear to be in normal control of their faculties but are in a highly suggestible state. Used for pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement.
Meditation
Quieting of the mind. Used for relief of anxiety.
Depressants
Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines. They ↑GABA.
Stimulants
Amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. ↑Dopamine, ↑norepinephrine, ↑serotonin at synaptic cleft.
Opiates & Opioids
Heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone & hydrocodone. Can cause death by respiratory depression.
Hallucinogens
LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine.
Mesolimbic Pathway
Mediates drug addiction. Includes nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle and ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter.
Phonology
The actual sound of speech.
Morphology
The building blocks of words.
Semantics
The meaning of words.
Syntax
Rules dictating word order.
Pragmatics
Changes in language delivery depending on context.
Nativist (biological) Theory
Language acquisition is innate.
Learning (behaviorist) Theory
Language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers.
Social Interactionist Theory
Language acquisition is caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others.
Whorfian Hypothesis
Linguistic Relativity. The lens by which we view and interpret the world is created by language.
Broca’s Area
Produces speech
Wernicke’s Area
Language comprehension
Arcuate Fasciculus
Connects Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area.
Aphasia
Language deficit
Broca’s Aphasia
Difficult to generate speech.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Lack of comprehension.
Conduction Aphasia
Can’t repeat words.
Stage 1
Light sleep. THETA waves.
Stage 2
Slightly deeper. THETA waves, sleep spindles, K complexes. ↓heart rate, ↓respiration, ↓temperature.
Stages 3 & 4
Deep sleep. DELTA waves. Slow-wave sleep (SWS). Most sleep disorders occur during stage 3 & 4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Growth hormone released.
REM sleep
The mind appears awake on EEG, but the person is asleep. Eye movements and body paralysis. Mostly BETA waves.
Sleep Cycle
90 min. Stages: 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM
Circadian Rhythm
24 hours. Melatonin triggers sleepiness. Cortisol promotes wakefulness
Dreaming
Mostly during REM.
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep. Activation in brainstem, synthesis in cortex.
Dysomnias
Difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep. Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea.
Parasomnias
Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep. Night terrors, sleepwalking.
Selective Attention
Allows one to pay attention to particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention.
Divided Attention
Uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time.