Behavioral Sciences 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Language

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53 Terms

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Information Processing Model

The brain encodes, stores, and retrieves info much like a computer.

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Sensorimotor

0 → 2 yrs. Child manipulates the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions. Object permanence develops at the end of this stage.

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Preoperational

2 → 7 yrs. Pretend play, symbolic thinking so they learn to talk, egocentrism & centration.

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Concrete Operational

7 → 11 yrs. Understands the feelings of others. Conservation develops. Math.

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Formal Operational

11 years and older. Abstract thought and problem solving. Moral reasoning.

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Trial-and-Error

A problem-solving method involving repeated, varied attempts until success.

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Algorithms

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.

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Deductive Reasoning

Form conclusions from rules.

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Inductive Reasoning

Form conclusions from evidence.

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Mental Set

A pattern of approach for a given problem.

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Functional Fixedness

The tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized. Creates barriers to problem-solving.

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Heuristics

"Rules of thumb"

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Availability Heuristic

When we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined.

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Representativeness Heuristic

The tendency to make decisions about actions/events based on our standard representations of the events.

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Confirmation Bias

The tendency to focus on information that fits an individual's beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against those beliefs.

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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

7 areas of intelligence; Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal.

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Alertness

State of being awake and thinking. EEG shows BETA waves when alert or concentrating, ALPHA waves when awake but tired, eyes closed. BETA: ↑freq ↓amp; ALPHA: Synchronous

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Sleep

More info on right

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Hypnosis

Individuals appear to be in normal control of their faculties but are in a highly suggestible state. Used for pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement.

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Meditation

Quieting of the mind. Used for relief of anxiety.

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Depressants

Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines. They ↑GABA.

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Stimulants

Amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. ↑Dopamine, ↑norepinephrine, ↑serotonin at synaptic cleft.

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Opiates & Opioids

Heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone & hydrocodone. Can cause death by respiratory depression.

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Hallucinogens

LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine.

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Mesolimbic Pathway

Mediates drug addiction. Includes nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle and ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter.

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Phonology

The actual sound of speech.

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Morphology

The building blocks of words.

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Semantics

The meaning of words.

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Syntax

Rules dictating word order.

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Pragmatics

Changes in language delivery depending on context.

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Nativist (biological) Theory

Language acquisition is innate.

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Learning (behaviorist) Theory

Language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers.

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Social Interactionist Theory

Language acquisition is caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others.

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Whorfian Hypothesis

Linguistic Relativity. The lens by which we view and interpret the world is created by language.

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Broca’s Area

Produces speech

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Wernicke’s Area

Language comprehension

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Arcuate Fasciculus

Connects Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area.

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Aphasia

Language deficit

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Broca’s Aphasia

Difficult to generate speech.

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Wernicke’s Aphasia

Lack of comprehension.

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Conduction Aphasia

Can’t repeat words.

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Stage 1

Light sleep. THETA waves.

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Stage 2

Slightly deeper. THETA waves, sleep spindles, K complexes. ↓heart rate, ↓respiration, ↓temperature.

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Stages 3 & 4

Deep sleep. DELTA waves. Slow-wave sleep (SWS). Most sleep disorders occur during stage 3 & 4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Growth hormone released.

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REM sleep

The mind appears awake on EEG, but the person is asleep. Eye movements and body paralysis. Mostly BETA waves.

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Sleep Cycle

90 min. Stages: 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM

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Circadian Rhythm

24 hours. Melatonin triggers sleepiness. Cortisol promotes wakefulness

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Dreaming

Mostly during REM.

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Activation-Synthesis Theory

Dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep. Activation in brainstem, synthesis in cortex.

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Dysomnias

Difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep. Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea.

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Parasomnias

Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep. Night terrors, sleepwalking.

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Selective Attention

Allows one to pay attention to particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention.

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Divided Attention

Uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time.