NUT week 8: Body Composition, Food Intake Influences, & Eating Disorders & Special Topics

True or false: Experiencing weight stigma can cause someone to internalize the weight stigma causing negative psychological effects, like feeling body shame or decreased psychological well-being.

true

______________ is defined as the social rejection and devaluation to those who do not comply with social norms of body weight and shape.

weight stigma

True or false: Social media has been linked to increased rates of depression, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, and body image concerns.

true

Based on the Body Mass Index, in the US (as of 2020) approximately _______ of adults are classified in the obese or overweight range and and almost _______ of youth are classified in the obese range.

two-thirds, one quarter

Which of the following is true about BMI? Check all that apply.

-it is a ratio of weight to height

-it is an indirect measure of body fat

What are some limitations of the Body Mass Index (BMI)? Check all that apply.

-doesn't factor age, sex, race/ethnicity.

-wasn't developed to measure health

-doesn't account for body fat, water, muscle, waist size, or bone density.

BMI is a foolproof way of predicting obesity.

false

True or False: Having excess body fat in childhood is unrelated to body composition in adulthood.

false

Which of the following factors can contribute to weight gain when beginning college? Check all that apply.

-late night study sessions.

-Buffet style "all you can eat" dining commons.

-freedom to make your own food choices without a monitoring influence.

-No longer participating in a structured sports program.

-extended study sessions with limited breaks.

Check all that apply: In an evolutionary sense, why did the body evolve to defend against weight loss?

-increase survival, our ancestors didn't know what our next meal would be.

-make sure females had enough fat stores for pregnancy and lactation.

A waist measurement of greater than inches for males and greater than inches for females indicates abdominal obesity.

-males 40

-women 35

True or false: The condition of obesity increases the risk of various diseases because excess adipose tissue can contribute to a state of inflammation.

true

Which of the following is a health risk associated with excess body fat? Check all that apply.

- Cardiovascular disease

- High LDL cholesterol

- Low HDL cholesterol

- Insulin resistance

- Hypertension

- Type II Diabetes

- Certain types of cancer (colon, breast, prostate, uterine)

The size and number of adipose cells is expected to increase during these periods of growth. Check all that apply.

(check all that apply)

-Fetal development to early childhood years

-adolescent groth spurt (~ages 12-14)

Once a fat cell is made, it does not go away.

true

What happens during weight loss?

Fat cells shrink but they do not disappear

_________ cause(s) feelings of hunger, whereas _________ cause(s) feelings of satiety.

Ghrelin; Leptin

How do external factors impact food intake control? Check all that apply.

(check all that apply)

- Looking at a clock can signal it's time to eat

- Watching your friend eat can make you hungry

- Hot weather can create a craving for ice cream

Which of the following internal factors influence the control of food intake? Check all that apply.

- Leptin, a hormone secreted from fat cells

- Insulin, a hormone released from the pancreas

- Excerise

How might staying up late studying for an exam affect your food intake control? Check all that apply.

- You may end up overeating the next day

- Ghrelin levels increase

- You may have a late night craving for energy-dense comfort food while studying.

For each of the following factors that influence food control, type the corresponding letter to indicate which factors are internal (inside the body) and which are external (environment):

A.Internal

B.External

Time of day - External

Exercise - Internal

Fat mass and cell size - Internal

Eating cues - External

Temperature - External

Hormones - Internal

Which of the following contributes to a type of caloric imbalance that is characterized by increased caloric intake relative to caloric output? Check all that apply.

- You start working at a donut shop and eat a free donut everyday

- Your roommate works at a restaurant and bring you a burrito everyday

Calorie imbalance = more calories are coming in through the diet than the calories being expended through activity. - intake > output

There are several proposed theories or causes to explain the origins of excess body fat in a given individual. Match each of the following causes with its corresponding description by typing in the letter of the correct description (i.e. type "A" into the fill-in-the-blank to choose description A). Each description will be used only once.

Cause

Calorie Imbalance:

Inactivity:

"Set-point" (Fat cell number and size):

Genetic influence:

Meal patterns:

"Thrifty" metabolism:

Diet composition:

Description

A. Eating high-calorie dense foods that don't cause feelings of fullness can lead to eating more calories than needed.

B. Fat cells prefer to be filled to a given size, so the more fat cells an individual has, the greater the amount of body fat the person may have, since each fat cell tends to fill to its given size.

C. Some individuals put away fat more efficiently, burn fewer calories, or produce defective leptin due to inherited traits.

D. This occurs when more calories are coming in through overeating as compared to calories going out through activity.

E. Fewer calories are being expended through activity as compared to calories coming in, which causes the excess calories to be converted to fat and stored as fat.

F. This explains how fidgeting can lead some to burn extra calories or how some people have decreased BMR.

G. Skipping meals can cause overeating at later times.

Calorie Imbalance: D

Inactivity: E

"Set-point" (Fat cell number and size): B

Genetic influence: C

Meal patterns: G

Diet composition: A

"Thrifty" metabolism: F

Which of the following is included in a weight-inclusive approach? Check all that apply.

-viewing health as multidimensional

-understanding that weight is not the ultimate goal

What are the components of evidenced based body composition adjustment programs? Check all that apply.

-behavior modification

-physical activity

-changing one's energy intake

Which of the following are important to consider when designing a reduced calorie diet? Check all that apply.

(check all that apply)

- meet nutrient needs for all nutrients except for calories.

- Individual taste preferences

- calorie deficit that allows for 1-2 lb weight loss per week

What is important to include in the eating pattern for healthy, evidence-based weight gain? Check all that apply.

-frequent meals

-high-quality protein

-healthful fats

What are some benefits of exercise? Check all that apply.

- boosting BMR

- preserving muscle tissue

- lowering risk for chronic diseases

- improving sense of wellbeing

- helping control food intake.

-preserves lean body mass.

Which of the following is an effective and sustainable weight loss strategy? Check all that apply.

-making peace with food

-identifying physical versus emotional hunger

Which of the following can occur after weight loss? Check all that apply.

- BMR decrease

- Weight may be regained

Is alcohol a nutrient? If so, what type of nutrient is alcohol?

no, it is not a nutrient

Check all that apply: In the body, alcohol can be

-be used as fuel

-converted to fat and stored as fat

Most people have the ability to process ___ drink(s) per hour (please type in a number value only).

1

Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the

liver

In what ways does alcohol impact liver function? Check all that apply.

-fewer regulatory proteins are produced in the liver

-fat accumulates in the liver

-the liver converts fewer amino acids to glucose

You will see a series of 4 questions about how alcohol impacts nutritional status. Choose the best answer combination. You will see your feedback after answering the last question.

Alcohol impacts ____________ because when you drink alcohol, it is likely that you are not eating nutrient-dense foods you could be eating instead.

-ingestion

Alcohol reduces the ____________ of many micronutrients, including thiamin and folic acid, in the intestinal tract.

-absorption

Since alcohol affects liver function, the __________ of several nutrients processed by the liver, including vitamins A and D, is "mishandled" in the body as a result of alcohol consumption.

-metabolism

Consumption of alcohol impacts ____________ because alcohol is a diuretic.

-excretion

Choose the best combination: Alcohol has ___________ energy and yields _______ kcals/g.

-potential and physiologically available/ 7