End of the Year Notes pt1

Mr fanning when I get you

Ida B. Wells

Journalist, civil rights activist, women's right activist. Co-founder of the National Association for Colored Women. When she got married, she hyphenated her name.

Booker T. Washington

Born into slavery and became the president of Tuskegee. Advocated for economic education. He believed that in order to get political power, you first need economic power.

"Pitchfork Ben" Sen Ben Tillman

He represented positive and negative change. Became a U.S. Senator and President Theodore Roosevelt hated him so much he was banned from the White House.

W.E.B. Du Bois

An advocate of education. Fought to end segregation and discrimination. Disagreed with Washington. Joined the Niagara Movement. Established the NAACP in 1910.

George Washington Carver

Found 300 uses for peanuts (SIGMA)

First Great Migration

15,000 African-Americans living in Chicago. Most migrated from 31st to 55st and Lake Michigan to Dearborn Street. This area was known as the "Black Belt", now known as Bronzeville.

Alianza Hispano-Americana

Mexican-American Mutual Aid Society known as the "mutualista". Worked together to form legal protection and advocate for Mexican-American education and civil rights.

Tuskegee Institute

It was founded by Booker T. Washington and became a prominent institution for African-American higher education. Established with a $2,000 donation and a plot of land in 1881. At first the primary focus of the school was on trades. The focus switched towards higher education later.

Plessy V. Furgusan

Supreme Court ruling that supported the the argument of “separate but equal.” [Person] was "passing" (his skin color was so light he could pass as white even though he wasn’t fully white). He got angry by segregation in train cars. The train car companies actually supported [person] because it was a hassle to segregate train cars. The Supreme court rules “separate but equal”. Allows the Supreme Court to now apply "separate but equal" to anything.

Industrial education

Originally applied to education in trades, plumbing, welding, etc. It has since been expanded to refer to the teaching of math, science, language, etc.

Burlingame Treaty of 1968

Opened China for US trade in exchange for eased Chinese immigration restrictions. It ends with the Chinese Exclusion Act. (Mr Fanning said this was important cause it shows like the push and pull relationship America has with China even as of now).

Yick Wo v. Hopskins

[Person] was a laundry owner but did not have a permit. 89% of stores in San Francisco did not have a permit. He had to pay a $10 fee, but he refused and was imprisoned by [Other person]. [Person] sues under the 14th amendment arguing that San Francisco was discriminatory because it was collecting the fee for personal benefit and only the 11% are allowed a permit and that it was only doing this in certain areas. This case is important because even when he won the case, no one enforced it.

Las Gorras Blanca's

A group of Mexican-Americans in the late 1800s who tried to protect their land in New Mexico. Anglo-American settlers were taking land using fake land titles. In response, three brothers—Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor Herrera—along with people from nearby communities, fought back. They cut fences and freed cattle to protest the land being taken. Although their actions were powerful symbols, they couldn’t legally reclaim the land. (I chatgptd this)

Santa Fe Ring

A group of powerful attorneys, politicians, and land speculators who seized land in the New Mexico Territory through selling land in the territory to farmers using fraudulent titles. They stole cattle and crops and sold them to Native American Reservations.

Margaret Sanger

Life-long advocate for women's reproductive rights. She created the modern birth control pill in 1960. It was illegal to distribute birth control information at this time and so she had to stand trial. She is controversial because some believe she was a eugenist while others supported her advocacy for women's reproductive rights.

Alice Paul

Militant suffragette who founded the Nation Women's Party. First wave voting rights. Used direct action (Hunger strike). In January 1917, she organized over 1,000 women to protest outside the White House. These protestors became known as “Silent Sentinels.”

Nina Otero-Warren

First New Mexican woman and first Latina to run for national office. She ran for Congress in 1922 and lost by 10,000 votes (very little). Her family was affluent, giving her access to college education.

Louis D. Brandeis

Known as the people’s lawyer who worked towards women and workers’ rights. Most of his cases were pro-bono (free). Argued that just integration isn't sufficient, you need to counteract what happened in the past. Equality does not equal equity. You need to account for economic, sociological, and historical data to create legal propositions.This is called the [person’s last name] Brief and is still taught in law schools.

Maud Younger

Main concern: waitresses (she worked as one and didn’t like the conditions). She also advocated for equal pay for women as well as suffrage. Encouraged men to support women causes used magazines and public events to generate publicity for women's issues. First wave feminism because of voting rights but part of second wave too.

Muller V. Oregon

Restricted a woman's work hours to 10 hours a day. A victory at that time, but now is considered not because it reinforced gender norms.

Anti-Defamation League (ADL):

The outgrowth of the Jewish service organization B’nai B’rith. Focus was countering anti-Semitic expressions and stereotypes in all forms through raising awareness and providing education.

Urban League

A civil rights organization that advocates for the end of segregation. A lot of their early focus was segregation in the work place and job training. The reasoning was (according to mr fanning) that if you work with people of other backgrounds you start to realize that they aren’t as different as you thought and it makes it more difficult to support the dehumanizing of them.

Niagara Movement

Civil rights meetings led by W. E. B. DuBois. Their goal was to form an organization dedicated to social and political change for African Americans. Didn't gain enough support but lays the groundwork for the NAACP.

NAACP

A group of civil rights advocates met in New York City set out to create a grass roots organization to strengthen the protections guaranteed by the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. Planned for equal protection under law.

Carlos Montezuma

Native American doctor, author, activist. He was enslaved at one point. He works with the Native American population and works with the Bureau of Indian Affairs which led him to believe it should be abolished (cause he thought it SUCKED). He is the founder of the Society of American Indians.

Takao Ozawa

Landmark immigration case that upheld laws that excluded Japanese immigrants from becoming U.S. citizens.

Octaviano Larrazolo

Born in Mexico, immigrated to New Mexico. He was admitted to the Texas bar and was elected district attorney for the Western District of Texas. He served in the New Mexico House of Representatives and as a member of the U.S. Senate.