A&P 2:

What are the different types of sensory neurons?

Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
Auditory receptors

What do the chemoreceptors control?

Chemicals

What do mechanoreceptors control?

Mechanical movement

Photoreceptors control...

Light + Sight

What do thermoreceptors do?

respond to changes in temperature

What do nociceptors do?

detect pain

What do auditory receptors do?

Monitor audible information

Neuroglia supports and protects

neurons

What are the main functions of neuroglia?

Provide support and protection to neurons
Transport nutritional elements to neurons
Removal of waste products from neurons

What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

The CNS is made up of

Brain
Spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system contains

motor and sensory neurons

Motor neurons are split into

somatic
autonomic

Autonomic nervous system is split into

sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state

sympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations

The brain is

centre of conscious awareness
key in decision making

What is the outer layer of the brain?

cerebral cortex

How many hemispheres are in the brain

2

The cerebral cortex distinguishes us from

animals

The brain contains what neurons

relay neurons

The spinal cord is an extension of the

brain

This is responsible for reflex actions

spinal cord

The spinal cord contains what neurons

relay neurons

What does the spinal cord receive?

info from senses and controls body response

C3-5 keeps...

diaphragm alive

T2-T11 keeps your

intercostals out of heaven

There are x pairs of of cranial nerves in the PNS

12 pairs

There is 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the

PNS

The brain weighs about

1300g, 3lb

The brain is the centre of the..

nervous system

The brain is supported by

CSF, cerebrospinal fluid

The frontal lobe is responsible for

Motor control
Problem solving
Speech production

Touch perception and body orientation/sensory discrimination is part of which lobe?

parietal lobe

occipital lobe helps

sight visual reception and interpretation

Cerebellum controls

Balance and coordination

The brainstem controls

involuntary functions

Auditory procession, language comprehension and memory retrieval is found in which lobe?

Temporal lobe

The cerebrum has

2 large hemispheres

Cerebrum contains

motor areas for voluntary muscles

The sensory areas send info to the

cerebrum

Is the cerebrum responsible for higher mental power

yes

What area processes conscious thoughts

cerebrum

The frontal lobes are

largest in brain

Where are the frontal lobes

front of cranium, anterior to parietal lobes

Frontal lobes are involved in

Planning, organisation, problem solving, memory, impulse control, decision making, Speech and language, behaviour and emotions

The temporal lobes sit ... to the frontal lobes

posteriorly

These lobes can be found superior to temporal lobes

parietal lobes

Parietal lobes help us

integrate sensory info
control sensation
balance
handwriting

Occipital lobes are located where

posterior to temporal and parietal lobes

occipital lobes contain areas which

receive and process visual info
help us perceive colour sizes and shapes

Cerebellum controls

Balance and coordination

Hippocampus is located

between temporal lobes

The hippocampus is hypersensitive to

hypoxia/decrease in blood flow

Brainstem contains

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

The midbrain acts as a

relay station connecting upper brain to lower
regulates auditory and visual reflexes

The pons forms

links joining brain together

How long is the pons?

2.5cm/1inch

what areas of the pons control respiration

apneustic and pneumotaxic areas

apneustic and pneumotaxic areas control

respiratory centre in medulla

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

How long is the spinal cord?

45 cm

Where does the spinal cord end?

L1-L2

The spinal cord tapers into

conus medullaris

How many layers are the meninges

three

What do the meninges do?

protect brain and spinal cord

Brain haemorrhage may push down onto

pia mater (blood brain barrier)

What does the arachnoid space allow for?

Fluid to move in and out, pot. for bleed

The dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

This lines inner surface of the skill and loose sheath around spinal cord

dura mater

The dura mater does NOT contain large blood vessels

FALSE

The large vessels in the dura mater drain

venous blood and CSF into internal jugular veins

The arachnoid mater is

delicate membrane attached to inner layer of dura-mater
delicate fibres extend through arachnoid space into pia mater

CSF circulates in

subarachnoid space

The pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

Is the pia mater vascular or avascular?

highly vascular

How many ventricles are in the brain?

four

HI can cause X to leak out of ears

CSF

CSF is what colour

straw/clear

How much CSF do we produce in a minute?

0.5ml

How much CSF do we produce a day?

720ml

What is the constant CSF volume?

130-150ml

What are the functions of CSF?

buoyancy, protection, stability, maintains pressure, transports nutrients

What are cholinergic receptors?

nicotinic and muscarinic

How many cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs