Pathology of the respiratory system: NASAL CAVITY AND SINUSES

cleft palate

brachycephalic syndrome

what are some common developmental anomalies

(I.e something formed wrong) (2)

palatoschisis/cleft palate

__________: Failure of fusion of embryological midline structures. varies from focal pinpoint openings to larger confluent slits

none (I.e pinpoint, no affect)

milk dripping from nares

fulminant respiratory distress (from aspirating milk, feedstuffs)

secondary respiration pneumonia

What are some clinical signs of a cleft palate (these signs vary due to the degree of cleft)?

what is the one sequelae mentioned?

1) congenital

2) inherited

3) toxic causes

4) infectious causes

cleft palates can happen due to: (4)

charolais, hereford

what 2 species of cattle are prone to inherited cleft palates?

griseofulvin (used to treat ringworm)

veratrum californicum (skunk cabbage for goats/sheep)

lupine (plants w/ tetratogen)

*often these toxins are eaten during a certain point in pregnancy and can affect the midline formation

What are some toxic causes of cleft palates? (3)

BVDV

what is an infectious etiology of a cleft palate?

nares, soft palate, larynx

what does brachycephalic syndrome affect?

false; they are rare

true/false: True degenerative diseases of the nasal passages and sinuses are very common

degenerative diseases in the lower airways

Degenerative diseases in the nasal passages are more often a manifestation of degenerative disease in the ___________ _______________

hyperemia

One of the earliest features of an impending or ongoing inflammatory response is _________________________. This is from vasodilation and increased arterial supply

epistaxis

_______: nasal hemorrhage (nose bleed)

true

T or F: epistaxis is a clinical sign, not a disease! therefore its a red flag telling you something is wrong

true

true/false: nosebleeds may represent systemic or local issues and can be mild or life threatening. But Persistent nosebleeds may be a sign of significant underlying disease

#1 trauma

#2 neoplasia

#3 infectious rhinitis

bleeding disorders, hypertension, polycythemia

What are the common etiologies of epistaxis? (there are 6 listed. The first three are common and hella important. The last three are less common)

TRAUMA

what is THE most common cause of a nosebleed in animals?

- iatrogenic (ng tube trauma

- ethmoid hematoma

- guttural pouch mycosis with specific erosin of the internal carotid

- excercise induced- pulmonary hemorrhage

horses get their own attention to epistaxis because their noses have unique anatomical features predisposing them to epistaxis.

what are some differential diagnosis for epistaxis in a horse? (4)

Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia

_________________: is a genetic bleeding disorder affecting dogs, horses, and humans, characterized by defective platelet clumping, leading to excessive bleeding from minor trauma, nosebleeds, and bleeding gums.

ethmoid hematoma

___________ is a benign tumor, or mass of tissue, that originates from the highly vascular tissue of the ethmoid turbinates, then expanding into the nasal passage, the paranasal sinuses, or both. The ethmoid turbinates are located partially in the sinus and partially in the nasal passages. The most common clinical sign is blood-tinged nasal discharge from one or both nostrils, but they can become large enough to result in partial obstruction of the nasal passage and subsequent respiratory noise.

rhinitis

_________: inflammation of the nasal cavity

#1 infectious

foreign bodies

allergens/irritants

dehorning (frontal sinusitis) -> ruminants

tooth root abscesses (maxillary sinusitis) -> horses

what are some general etiologies/ causes for rhinitis?

(first one is the most important etiology, 5 total)

viral

what is probably the most common cause of rhinitis?

true

true/false: viral and bacterial infections go hand in hand in the respiratory tract

neutrophil, move damage or debris out of the nose

What is the primary cell associated with acute rhinitis? What is the PURPOSE of the discharge and inflammation in acute rhinitis?

epithelial cell swelling

exfoliation

fluid, protein, neutrophil

In acute rhinitis, damage of any kind will lead to sudden ___________________ and/or __________. this causes exudation (runny nose) of ______, _______ and ________ as these cells move into to the area of inflammation to aid.

basement membrane

What must remain intact in cases of acute rhinitis in order for healing to occur?

1) serous (clean, thin fluid)

2) catarrhal (mucoid)

3)suppurative (neutrophils in exudate)

4) fibrinous

the classifications of rhinitis: (4)

serous

_______: rhinitis with clear thin fluid

initial presentation of viral infection or allergic response

What does a serous rhinitis often show us?

catarrhal

______: rhinitis with mucoid exudate

Inflammation or irritation of the nasal passages

What does a catarrhal rhinitis tell us is happening?

goblet cell hyperplasia, goblet cells are secreting all that mucous

What can catarrhal rhinitis lead to? Why?

suppurative/purulent

________: rhinitis with neutrophils in the exudate

secondary bacterial infection

What is suppurative rhinitis indicative of?

fibrinous

_______: rhinitis with fibrin strands on the epithelial surface

severe endothelial injury

* this means there is some pathogen causing severed damage to the endothelium, allowing fibrinous material to seep out

What is fibrinous rhinitis evidence of?

viral infection

Acute rhinitis is usually associated with a ________________________

surface epithelium

fluid and mucous

submucosal edema

nasal passage

Viral infection causes necrosis of _______ in the nasal passages which leads to exudation of ______ and _______ creating ______________.

This causes partial blockage of _____________.

lowers immune system, secondary infections

Probably more important than the excess fluid, viral rhinitis will do what? ____________.

This makes ____________ more likely

chronic rhinitis., fungal infections, neoplasia, foreign bodies

___________ is a persistant injury that induces chronic inflammatory responses in the nasal passages.

Often this indicates antigens that are difficult for the host to get rid of like _______, _________ or __________

mononuclear (ie macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)

in chronic rhinitis, cellular infiltrates typically shift from neutrophilic (associated with acute) to ________________. this is because there is a persistent injury creating a chronic inflammatory response.

Granulomatous

_______________________: collections of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages in rhinitis cases that form around the difficult to rid pathogen

goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia

What are two additional changes associated with chronic rhinitis?

true

true/false: Chronic rhinitis often extends into the sinuses becoming rhino sinusitis

obstruction

septal deviations

nasal polyps

If a chronic rhinitis extends into the sinuses, they don't drain well, which may lead to a ________. This can predispose the animal to _______ or the development of _________

right

We talked about maxillary sinusitis in horses in the last lecture right? And how the cheek teeth roots are in the maxillary sinuses and can easily lead to chronic sinusitis?

(If not review on slide 26 but I'm like... so sure we already did. but it's repeated so it's important)

sinusitis

_________: Inflammation of the tissues lining the spaces in the bones of the head. Often occurs concomitant/with acute rhinitis.

secondary bacterial infections

seromucoid, purulent

with sinusitis, edema of the mucosa around draining foramen prevents drainage of a sinusitis, leading to stasis of secretions that predisposes to ___________. Secretions are ___________ to _____________

acute: usually resolves and lasts about 2-3days

chronic:may extend into other sinuses, lungs, ears, bone, and brain

obstructs airways

what are the outcomes of

acute rhinitis and sinusitis?

chronic rhinitis and sinusitis?

primary infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic)

the most common differential for rhinitis and sinusitis is

we are now moving onto specific diseases within species... move to the next quizlet