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Operant conditioning
Learning that occurs based on consequences of voluntary behavior
Law of Effect
¡Behaviors followed by pleasant outcome = more likely to be repeated
¡Behaviors followed by unpleasant outcome = less likely to be repeated
Cat in puzzle box
x scratch door, meow, put paws through openings
move lever (right)

Skinner box
¡Study operant learning in animals
¡Controlled environment
¡Focus on reinforcement and punishment

Reinforcement
any stimulus/event that strengthens/increases behavior
Punishment
any stimulus/event that weakens/decreases behavior
Positive
¡stimulus is presented
¡Something gets added
Negative
stimulus is removed
¡Something gets taken away
Continuous reinforcement
¡Reinforcement presented after EVERY response
¡Teaching new behavior or skill
¡Fast initial learning
¡Fast extinction – broken vending machine
Intermittent reinforcement
¡Response is sometimes reinforced, sometimes not
¡Slower initial learning
¡More resistant to extinction
¡Maintain and sustain behaviors over the long term
Fixed-interval schedule
Behavior reinforced after specific amount of time has passed
2-minute fixed-interval schedule
¡Behavior reinforced ONLY after 2 minutes has passed since the last reinforcement
¡Rats and pigeons = lots of responding as interval ending
Fixed-ratio schedule
¡Behavior reinforced after specific number of responses
¡Customer loyalty programs
Variable-ratio schedule
¡Behavior reinforced after an average number of responses
Slot machine pay off
Every 100 pulls, on average
Ratio schedules
greater response rates (compared to interval)
Unpredictable (variable) schedules
¡greater response rates (compared to fixed)
¡Slot machines, lottery tickets – keep playing because you never know when you could win!
Dash
reinforcement occurs
VR
steady, persistent (produces most responses)
FR
work steadily for reward
VI
gradual, steady (less predictable)
FI
increase, then drop off (lots of responding as interval ends, but then decreases)