Energy Balance

What lifestyle changes can help prevent or treat chronic illnesses?

Exercise and diet.

What is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States?

Smoking.

What are the second leading causes of preventable death in the U.S.?

Obesity and overweight, with an estimated 300,000 deaths per year.

What factors contribute to the increase in chronic diseases?

Increased sedentary behavior, caloric consumption, and decreased physical activity.

What is energy balance?

A state where caloric intake matches caloric expenditure.

What happens when we are not in energy balance?

It can lead to chronic illnesses and increased mortality rates.

What are modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases?

Physical inactivity and excess caloric intake.

What are nonmodifiable risk factors for chronic diseases?

Age, heredity, ethnicity or race, culture, and metabolism.

How is overweight defined?

Carrying excess body weight for an individual's height, increasing risk factors for chronic illnesses.

What is the formula for calculating BMI?

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m²).

What is the BMI of a person weighing 145 lbs and 5'4" tall?

24.9.

Why is BMI not appropriate for athletes?

It may not accurately reflect body fat due to high amounts of lean muscle mass.

What should be used to assess children and adolescents instead of BMI?

Growth charts.

What can affect caloric requirements?

Resting metabolic rate, physical activity status, and the thermic effect of food.

What is the impact of sitting for too many hours during the day?

It may be more harmful than expected, contributing to chronic diseases.

What is the relationship between obesity and chronic illnesses?

Obesity is associated with increased risk factors for diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

What is the significance of the obesity trends among U.S. adults?

They highlight the increasing prevalence of obesity over time.

How does heredity influence obesity?

Genes can predispose individuals to obesity, but they are not the sole factor.

What role does culture play in obesity risk?

Cultural values can influence lifestyle choices related to diet and physical activity.

What is the thermic effect of food?

The energy expended by our bodies to digest, absorb, and metabolize food.

What should individuals do to maintain a healthy energy balance?

Evaluate their lifestyle and adjust caloric intake and physical activity as needed.

Why is it important to assess resting metabolic rate (RMR)?

To determine ideal caloric consumption and adjust dietary needs accordingly.

What is the relationship between obesity and mortality rates?

Obesity significantly contributes to preventable deaths due to associated chronic diseases.

What percentage of children and adolescents are currently overweight or obese in the U.S. as of 2012?

Over 1/3 of children and adolescents.

What is the likelihood that children who are obese will remain obese in adulthood?

70% of children who are obese remain obese in adulthood.

What is the definition of obesity according to the CDC?

Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile from the sex-specific BMI-for-age 2000 CDC Growth Charts.

What data source provides information on obesity trends among U.S. adults?

BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System).

In which year did the BRFSS first report obesity trends among U.S. adults?

1986

What obesity prevalence category was first introduced in the BRFSS data in 2001?

20%-24%.

What is the highest obesity prevalence category reported in the BRFSS data starting from 2005?

≥30%.

What was the obesity prevalence category for U.S. adults in 1991?

<10%, 10%-14%, and 15%-19%.

What trend was observed in obesity prevalence among U.S. adults from 1986 to 2010?

An increase in obesity prevalence categories from <10% to ≥30%.

What does BRFSS stand for?

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

What years did the BRFSS cover for obesity trends data?

1986 to 2021.

What is the significance of the 95th percentile in the context of obesity?

It is the threshold used to define obesity in children based on BMI.

What is the source of the data for obesity trends among U.S. adults?

National Center for Health Statistics and various health examination surveys.

What does the CDC link provide for obesity data?

Downloadable maps showing prevalence of self-reported obesity among U.S. adults by state and territory.

How did the obesity prevalence categories evolve from 1986 to 2010?

Initially only <10% was reported, with more categories added over the years, culminating in ≥30% by 2010.

What was the obesity prevalence category for U.S. adults in 2000?

<10%, 10%-14%, 15%-19%, and ≥20%.

What year did the BRFSS report the category of 25%-29% for obesity prevalence?

2005

What is the trend in obesity prevalence among U.S. adults from 1986 to 2021?

An overall increase in the percentage of adults classified as obese.

What is the significance of the BRFSS data from 1997 onwards?

It introduced the ≥20% obesity prevalence category.

What does the term 'No Data' indicate in the BRFSS obesity trends?

It indicates years where no data was available for that specific obesity prevalence category.

How many years of BRFSS data are referenced in the notes?

From 1986 to 2021.

What is the primary focus of the data presented in the notes?

Obesity trends among U.S. adults and children.

What percentage of adults over the age of 20 in the USA are classified as obese according to the CDC?

41.9%

What is the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in the USA?

Over 35.4%

What percentage of children who are obese remain obese in adulthood?

70%

How does the prevalence of obesity compare between non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites?

Non-Hispanic blacks have a 51% greater prevalence of obesity.

What is the increased prevalence of obesity among Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites?

21% greater prevalence.

What are some physiological effects of excess adiposity?

Greater total body fat, greater waist circumference, reduced muscular endurance, reduced VO2max, increased risk of chronic diseases.

What biomechanical issues arise from excess adiposity?

Reduced economy and efficiency of movement, reduced capacity for motor skills, reduced range of motion.

What is the formula for energy balance?

Energy balance = energy intake - energy expenditure.

What must happen for weight loss to occur in terms of energy balance?

Energy expenditure must be greater than energy intake.

What are the three components of Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)?

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR), Thermic Effect of Food (TEF), Physical Activity Energy Expenditure (PAEE).

What percentage of TDEE is made up by Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

65%

What is the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) as a percentage of TDEE?

10%

What percentage of TDEE does Physical Activity Energy Expenditure (PAEE) account for?

25%

How can TDEE be calculated?

Through direct vs. indirect calorimetry or using prediction equations like Cunningham, Mifflin-St. Jeor, and Harris Benedict.

What is the caloric deficit needed to lose 1 pound of weight?

A deficit of 3500 calories per week.

What is considered a safe and effective rate of weight loss per week?

1-3 pounds.

What are some common methods for measuring body composition?

BMI, MRI, CT, DXA, hydrostatic weighing, air plethysmography, skinfold measurement, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and circumferences.

What should individuals focus on regarding daily caloric intake for weight management?

Each day counts; focus on daily intake and portion sizes.

What is the recommended approach to energy expenditure for weight management?

Exercise regularly and track caloric expenditure.

What is a key consideration for exercise professionals dealing with obesity?

Understanding how to inspire lifestyle modifications and adherence to physical activity.

What is the importance of researching safe weight loss practices?

To differentiate between safe and unsafe diets and understand healthy weight loss rates.

What should individuals do if they want to gain weight?

Increase intake above Total Energy Expenditure (TEE).

What should individuals do if they want to lose weight?

Decrease intake below Total Energy Expenditure (TEE).