CSET Multiple Subject Subtest II Science Biology

Biology

The science of life. Bacteria and baboons, whales and walnuts, algae and alligators. Organic molecules, cells, organs, individuals, species, and communities.

The Cell

the smallest amount of living matter, a bit of organic material that is the unit of structure and function for all organisms.

Cell Divisions

Cell membrane, cytoplasm and cell necleus

Cell

the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. cells may exist as independent units of life...in monads. or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals

Characteristics of a Living Organism

Life responds to its environment often with movement.

An organism must maintain itself and grow.

A plant or animal will produce new organisms much like itself...reproduction is the most universal process of life.

Reproduction

production of offspring by an organism; a characteristic of all living things. The most universal process of life.

Cell Membrane

a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell. Semi permeable allowing some substance to pass while excluding others.

Centrosome

Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.

Ribosome

small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP energy production or metabolism.

Golgi Bodies

organelles that package cellular materials and transport them within the cell or out of the cell. Secretion.

Vacuoles

Saclike structures used for storing materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates; may be found in either plant or animal cells

Chromosome

threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

Plastids

organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA, One of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).

Photosynthesis

process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

Chloroplast

an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Chromoplast

plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll usually yellow or orange carotenoids

amyloplasts

colorless plastids that store starch

Prokaryote Cells

Are cells that do not contain nuclei, their genetic material is not contained in a nucleus. Some contain an internal membrane but are generally less complicated. Even though they are simple they carry out every activity associated with living things. Bacteria is a type of prokaryote.

Eukaryote Cells

Are cells that contain nuclei, the genetic material found in the nucleus is separated from from the rest of the cell, Some live solitary lives as single-celled organisms others form large multicellular organisms, such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.

Staphylococcus Bacteria

can cause serious infections and is one of the most drug resistant bacteria

Streptococcus Bacteria

causes strep throat, meningitis, and pnemonia

Bacillus Bacteria

Spore forming bacteria found in soil. Linked to (diarrhea) cooked vegetables, meat products, milk (vomiting) cooked rice dishes.

Spirillum Bacteria

the bacteria that causes the sexually transmitted disease syphilis

Bacilli Bacteria

Rod or cylinder shaped Bacillus Anthracis caustive agent of anthrax in animals and humans

Metabolism

set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes within the Protoplasm.

Proteins

Both structural components and enzymes...contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids.

Carbohydrates

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

Lipids

energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, Energy sources for cellular processes.

Nucleic Acids

Very long organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphurous, contain instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid DNA

a five carbon sugar with an oxygen missing, carries genetic info

Ribose Nucleic Acid RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose.

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Assimilation

the process by which plants and animals utilize foods in the building of living tissue

Photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

Digestion

the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body

Respiration

processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

The molecule that stores energy that can be used by the cell

Mitosis

the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one copy of the dna is distributed into each daughter cell

The Process of Mitosis

The chromsomes thicken and the centrosome divides during Prophase. Then the nuclear membrane dissappears and a spindle develops between the two parts of the centrosome. The chromosomes gather on tha spindle during metaphase. The spindle divides splitting each chromosome apart during anaphase. Finally the nuclear membranes form and two new cells result during Telaphase.

Prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

Metaphase

The stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle

Anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

Telephase

4th phase of cell division. the chromosomes become longer, thinner, and less distinct. the nucleur membrane forms. the neocleolus reappears and cell division is nearly complete

Plants

A multicelled photoautotroph, most with well-developed roots and shoots (e.g., stems, leaves), as well as photosynthetic cells that include starch grains as well as chlorophylls a and b, and polysaccharides such as cellulose, pectin, and lignin in cell walls. The primary producers on land.

Algae

primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves Mostly found in lakes and oceans

Fungi

group of simple, plantlike animals lacking true stems and roots and leavesthat live on dead organic matter. Mold Yeasts and mushrooms.

Lichen

Group of fungi classified by their symbiosis with green algae. The more advanced plants possess roots, stems and leaves.

Ferns

Any of numerous flowerless, seedless vascular plants having roots, stems, and fronds and reproducing by spores and not fertilization.

Gymnosperms

seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of cones requires fertiliztion and male pollen grains are carried to the female ovule by vectors like the wind and insects.

Angiosperms

A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called a fruit or sometimes an ovary

Petal

A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.

Stamen

The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament., the male reproductive organ of a flower

Sepals

outermost circle of flower parts that encloses a bud before it opens and protects the flower while it is developing

Pistil

The female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma

Receptacle

enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts

Animals

Any multicelled heterotroph that ingests other organisms or their tissues, develops through a series of embryonic stages, and is motile during part or all of the life cyle. Most species have epithelial tissues and extracellular matrixes.

Phyla

The major groups of classification of animals.

Protists

single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom

Porifera

sponges; sessile animals that lack true tissues; suspension feeders, trap particles that pass through the interal channels of their bodies as food from currents

Coelenterata

an aquatic invertebrate animal of a phylum that includes jellyfishes, corals, and sea anemones. They are distinguished by having a tube- or cup-shaped body and a single opening ringed with tentacles

Platyhelmenthes

Flatworms Most primitive animals with bilateral symmetry hydrostatic skeleton Most are parasitic.

Nematoda

Roundworms. Soil dwellers with pseudocoeloms. Complete digestive tract that extends from mouth → anus. Some are parasites.

Annelida

Segmented worms, earthworms; anus and mouth; closed circulatory system; nervous system; setae-bristle appendages

Bryozoa

Moss Animals that are normally both male and female. They live in water and exist in colonies.

Brachiopoda

marine invertebrates that resemble mollusks, Animal phylum that includes lamp shells. Have unique stalk that anchors them to their substrate

Echinodermata

radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers

Mollusca

Motile organisms with soft bodies and hard shells. Are the first protostomes and the first coelomates (with spiral, determinate cleavage). Include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods. For example octopuses, squids, snails, clams.

Arthropoda

The phylum to which jointed-legged invertebrates belong, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans

Chordata

Animals with notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, a postanal tail, and pharyngeal gill slits at some time in their lives. Most are vertebrates, though some are not. Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

The Sensory System

Specialized systems that initiate a nerve impulse after being affected bythe environment.

The Eye

Organs of vision. Light rays are refracted as they pass through the cornia, lens and virreous body to focus on the retina, where an image is formed. The optic nerve than carries implulses from the light sensitive cells of the retina to the brain.

Cornea

the clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

Lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Vitreous body

the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball

Retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

The Ear

The receptor of sound and the organ of balance. When sound was causes the eardrum changes of vibrations of air molecules into the physical movement of a solid, and the eardrum relays these vibrations to the three bones connected to it - the malleus, the incus, and the stapes which make up the middle ear.

Parts of the Ear

Outer Ear: Temporal bone, External Auditory Meatus, Eardrum / Middle ear: Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup / Inner Ear: Semicirucular canals, Cochlea (Basilar Membrane covered by Hair Cells), Oval Window

Middle Ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Inner Ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

Cochlea

the snail-shaped tube in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the Organ of Corti

The Nervous System

Consists of the brain, the spinal cord and peripheral nerves that exxpend throughout the body.

Neuron

Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

Sensory Neurons

Neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord

Motor Neurons

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

Cerebrum

large part of the brain that controls the senses and thinking, area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

Hindbrain

Division which includes the cerebellum, Pons, and medulla; responsible for involuntary processes: blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles

Cerebellum

the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

Medulla Oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

The Digestive System

Major Organs:Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small int., large int., liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Functions; Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves

The Circulatory System

The blood, the heart, and the blood vessels. The main role is to transport nutrients, gases (such as O2 and CO20, hormones, and wastes through the body.

Red Blood Cells

blood cells containing hemoglobin that carry oxygen through the bloodstream

White Blood Cells

diease fighting cells in blood

Platelets

tiny, disk-shaped bodies in the blood, important in blood clot formation

Plasma

Colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended.

The Heart

a muscular pump beating about 70 times per minute.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood BACK TO the heart

The Pulmonary Circulation

The flow of blood between the right side of the heart and the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood. Acts as a filter for the systemic circulation.

Oxygenated Blood

Blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide delivered from the lungs to the left side of the heart and tissues.