ANAPHY

Anatomy

The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.

Developmental Anatomy

Studies structural changes from conception to adulthood.

Embryology

A subspecialty of developmental anatomy; focuses on development from conception to 8 weeks.

Cytology

Study of the structural features of cells.

Histology

Study of tissues, including cells and the materials around them.

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures without a microscope.

Systemic Anatomy

Studies the body system by system (e.g., cardiovascular, nervous).

Regional Anatomy: Studies the body area by area.

Regional Anatomy:

Studies the body area by area.

Physiology

The scientific study of the functions and processes of living organisms.

Cell Physiology:

Focuses on cellular processes (e.g., energy production from food).

Systemic Physiology:

Examines functions of organ systems.

Pathology

The branch of medical science dealing with disease.

Chemical

Atoms and molecules

Cellular

Basic unit of life

Tissue

Groups of similar cells performing specific functions

Organ

Composed of two or more tissue types

Organ System

Organs that work together for a common function

Organism

A complete living being

Integumentary System

Protects the body by forming an external covering, regulating temperature, and aiding in vitamin D synthesis and sensory reception.

Skeletal System

Provides structure, protection for organs, enables movement with muscles, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.

Muscular System

Enables body movement, maintains posture, produces heat, assists with respiration, and facilitates communication.

Nervous System

A fast-acting control system that detects stimuli and coordinates responses by activating muscles and glands.

Endocrine System

Regulates bodily functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction through hormone secretion into the bloodstream.

Cardiovascular System

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells throughout the body via blood pumped by the heart.

Lymphatic System

Returns leaked fluid to the bloodstream, filters pathogens from blood, and supports immune function.

Respiratory System

Facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

Digestive System

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients into the blood, and eliminates solid waste.

Urinary System

Removes nitrogenous wastes and maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in the body.

Reproductive System

Enables the production of offspring through the formation and delivery of sperm or eggs and support of fetal development.

Specialized terminology

Ensure clear communication among healthcare professionals

Anatomical Position

Standard reference point for anatomical terminology.

Superior (cranial/cephalic)

toward the head or upper part; above

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head; toward lower part; below

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline; toward the side

Intermediate

Between a medial and lateral structure

Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the surface; more internal

Regional Terms

Used to describe specific areas of the body.

Planes

are imaginary lines used to divide the body or organs for anatomical study.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right parts

Midsagittal (Median) Plane

Divides the body into equal left and right parts

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

Transverse (Cross) Plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

Body Cavities

Houses and protect internal organs.

Two major internal body cavities:

Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavity

Cranial Cavity

contains the brain, protected by the skull

Spinal Cavity

contains the spinal cord, protected by vertebrae

above diaphragm of Ventral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

below diaphragm of Ventral Cavity

Abdominopelvic

Four Quadrants:

Right Upper (RUQ), Left Upper (LUQ), Right Lower (RLQ), Left Lower (LLQ)

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Homeostatic Imbalance

Occurs when the body fails to maintain homeostasis

Main Controlling Systems of homeostasis

Nervous System & Endocrine System

Receptor

Detects stimuli

Control Center

Sets the set point

Effector

Carries out the response via efferent pathway

Homeostatic Control Mechanism Components

Receptor, Control Center and Effector

Negative Feedback

Most common mechanism

Positive Feedback

Less common, but essential in specific cases

Plasma Membrane

Forms the outer boundary of the cell

Nucleus

Usually found in the center of the cell

Cytoplasm

The fluid-filled interior of the cell between the nucleus and the membrane

Nucleus

Controls cell functions and stores genetic material

Ribosomes

Synthesize Proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough ER has ribosomes and processes proteins; Smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and ships proteins and lipids

Lysosomes

Break down waste and damaged organelles

Peroxisomes

Detoxify harmful substances; break down fatty acids

Mitochondria

Produce energy (ATP); known as the powerhouse of the cell

Cytoskeleton

Provides structural support; helps with cell movement

Centrioles

Involved in cell division (help organize spindle fibers)

Cilia

Short, hair-like structures that move substances across the cell surface

Flagella

Long, tail-like structure that helps in cell movement (e.g., sperm)

Microvilli

Increase surface area for absorption

Passive Transport

Substances move from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient) Does not require ATP

Diffusion

Movement of solutes from higher to lower concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmotic pressure

the force needed to stop water movement

Facilitated Diffusion

Uses transport proteins to help move substances from high to low concentration

Active Transport

Moves substances against the concentration gradient (low to high), Requires ATP

Primary Active Transport

Direct use of ATP (e.g., sodium-potassium pump)

Secondary Active Transport

Uses energy stored in ion gradients created by primary active transport

Vesicular Transport

Involves vesicles (membrane-bound sacs) to move large substances or volumes, Also requires ATP

Endocytosis

Substances are brought into the cell

Exocytosis

Substances are released out of the cell

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A primary active transport mechanism (3 Sodium (Na) out, 2 Potassium (K) in)

Secondary Active Transport

Relies on the gradient created by primary active transport (e.g., sodium-potassium pump)

Phagocytosis ("Cell Eating")

Cell engulfs large particles

Pinocytosis ("Cell Drinking")

Cell engulfs fluids and dissolved substances

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Involves specific receptors binding to target molecules before engulfing