IPHY 2400 - Unit 7 - Orthopedics

Fracture (FX, Fx)

Broken bone from a disease or injury

Open (Compound) Fx

Fracture where bone pierces skin

Closed (Simple) Fx

Fracture where bone does not exit skin

Non-displaced Fx

Fracture where break in bone remains aligned

Displaced Fx

Fracture where the broken bone ends misalign

Hairline Fx

Fracture is very slim and aligned in nature; a minute break.

Greenstick Fx

Fracture where the bone is half bent, half cracked; think of snapping a live branch

Colles Fx

Fracture distal radius by falling on outstretched hand

Spiral Fx

Fracture in a spiral formation around bone

Transverse Fx

Fracture straight across bone

Compression Fx

Fracture from the pressure of multiple bones

Depressed Fx

Fracture of a shell-like bone; a “punch” through

Oblique Fx

Fracture in which the bone splits and creates sharp points

Osteomalacia

Abnormal softening of the bone due to Vitamin D deficiency

Osteoporosis

Abnormal thinning of bone structure; Ca and P loss

Osteoma

Benign bone cancer

Osteosarcoma

Malignant growth of osteoblasts

Ewing sarcoma

Malignant bone cancer in young men

Chondroma

Benign tumor of the cartilage

Chondromalacia patellae

Abnormal softening of the patella due to thinning and uneven wear

Osteomyelitis

Infection of the bone and bone marrow when bacteria enters the bone

Pectus excavatum

Congenital deformity of inward bent sternum

Kyphosis

Abnormal posterior curve of the thoracic spine; aka humpback

Lordosis

Abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine; aka swayback

Scoliosis

Abnormal C- or S- shaped curvature of the spine

Ankylosing spondylitis

Chronic inflammation of the vertebrae that leads to fibrosis

Spondylolisthesis

A degenerative condition of the spine in which one vertebrae move anteriorly and slips out of alignment

Genu valgum

Congenital deformity in which the knees rotate inward and legs out; aka knock-knee

Genu varum

Congenital deformity in which the knees are abnormally far apart and the legs bend inward; aka bowleg

Hallux valgus

Deformity in which the great toe (hallux) bends towards the other toes

Talipes equinovarus

Congenital deformity in which the foot is pulled down and towards the midline; clubfoot

Arthralgia

Pain in the joint due to injury

Arthropathy

General term for disease in the joint

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Chronic inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints as cartilage wears away

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Acute and chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue, particularly the joints.

Dislocation

Complete displacement of the end of a bone from its normal position

Subluxation

Partial dislocation with slight displacement

Gout

Metabolic disorder in which high uric acid levels cause pain in the joint; often in the big toe

Sprain

Overstretching or tearing of ligaments around the joints

Torn meniscus

A tear in the cartilage pad in the knee joint

Hemarthorosis

Blood accumulation in a joint cavity

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

Blood test conducted to test for RA

Uric acid

Blood test conducted to test for gout

Bone density tests

Measures bone density to diagnose osteoporosis

X-ray

Most common imaging used to diagnose issues in the skeletal system

Cast

a layer of plaster or fiberglass applied to immobilize a bone

Closed reduction

A procedure where bones in a displaced fracture are realigned, often followed by a cast

Goniometry

A procedure that measures the angle of a joint and its range of motion

Orthosis

An orthopedic device like a brace or splint that is used to keep a body part straight or immobile

Physical therapy (PT)

Exercises aiming to improve RoM and strength

Traction

A procedure that uses weight to pull fracture into alignment

Prosthetics

An orthopedic device like a leg or arm that is created after an amputation

Analgesics

Treats pain associated with bone injury

Bone resorption inhibitors

Prevents osteoclasts from breaking down bone to treat osteoporosis

Corticosteroids

Decreases severe inflammation

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs)

Treat inflammation and pain from osteoarthritis (OA)

Amputation

Removal of part or all of an extremely damaged extremity

Arthrocentesis

Removal of accumulated fluid from an injured joint

Arthrodesis

Fusion of bones in an unstable joint

Arthroscopy

Visualization of the inside of a joint via arthroscope

Bone graft

Replacement of severely damaged bone due to cancer

Bunionectomy

Removal of bunion that has formed on the metatarsals

Cartilage transplantation

Replacement of damaged cartilage in active middle-aged adults

External fixation

Usage of metal pins to treat a complicated fracture 

Joint replacement surgery (arthroplasty)

Replacement of destroyed joint with prosthesis

Open reduction and internal fixation

Opening of limb to realign bone and usage of screws and plates to hold