parient as beam emitter

Abscess

An encapsulated infection. Increases tissue thickness may alter composition particularly in lungs.

Affects multiple systems and has increased attenuation incr. tech. Factors

Edema

Swelling. Increases tissue thickness, and may altar composition if it occurs in lungs.

Increased attenuation, may need to increase technical factors. Affects multiple systems

tumor

An abnormal new growth in tissue. Results in increase in tissue thickness and may altar composition particularly in lungs or bones or when calcification occurs.

Affects multiple systems, attenuation increases. Tech. Factors may need to increase.

Atelectasis

A collapse of the lung. Results in airlessness in all or part of the lung tissue. Causing lung tissue density to increase.

Condition of chest. Additive increasing attenuation. May need incr in tech factors.

Bronchiectasis

Chronic dilation of the bronchi. Can result in peribronchial thickening and small areas of Atelectasis. Causes increase in lung tissue density.

Condition of chest. Additive. Increased attenuation. So tech factors may need to be increased.

Cardiomegaly

Enlargement of the heart. Causes increase in thickness of the part.

Condition of chest. Additive. More attenuation may need to increase technical factors

Congestive heart failure

When the heart is in failure. Cardiac output is diminished. Resulting in backwards failure or increased venous congestion in the lungs. Lung tissue density increases and heart is enlarged.

Condition of chest. Additive. Increase attenuation may need to increase technical factors

Empyema

Pus in the thoracic cavity. Leads to increase in tissue density.

Condition of chest. Additive disease. Increased attenuation. May need to increase technical factors

Pleural effusions (hemothorax, hydrothorax)

When pleural cavity fills with blood or serous fluid. Displacing normal lung tissue. Increased tissue density increases thoracic cavity.

Condition of chest. Additive, more attenuation. May need to increase technical factors

Pneumoconiosis

The inhalation of dust particles can lead to fibrotic scarring. When healthy lung tissue becomes fibrotic density of tissue increases.

Condition of chest, additive, more attenuation, may need to increase technical factors.

Pneumonectomy

Removal of a lung. Will cause affected side to demonstrate an increase in ir exposure because normal air filled lung tissue is removed.

Condition in chest, additive, more attenuation. Incr technical factors?

Pneumonia (pneumonitis)

Inflammation of lung tissues causes fluid buildup in alveolar spaces. Fluid has more density than air that is normally present.

Chest condition, additive, greater attenuation, increase technical factors

Pulmonary edema

When fluid fills the interstitial lung tissues and alveoli. Tissue density increases. Typical complication of congestive heart failure.

Additive, chest condition, more attenuation may need to increase technical factors.

Tuberculosis

Advanced and miliary. Infection by a mycobacteria causes inflammatory response increases fluid in lungs. If the mycobacteria was inhaled it begins as localized lesion(upper lobes) then becomes advanced. If infection reaches lungs by bloodstream more diffuse (miliary) either way increased tissue density.

Chest condition. Additive, more attenuation may have to increase technical factors

Aortic aneurysm

Large dilation of the aorta will cause increased thickness of affected spot.

Condition of abdomen, additive, more attenuation may have to increase technical factors

Ascites

Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity causes increase in tissue thickness. Free fluid has “ground glass” appearance

Abdominal condition, additive, more attenuation may have to increase technical factors

Calcified stones

Commonly found throughout the abdomen in organs like the gallbladder and kidney. Calcium may be deposited which causes effective increase in atomic number of tissue.

Abdominal condition, additive, more attenuation, may need to increase technical factors.

Cirrhosis

Fibrotic changes in the liver can cause the liver to enlarge and Ascites can result. Leads to increase in thickness if liver and entire abdomen.

Condition of abdomen, additive, more attenuation, may need to increase technical factors

Acromegaly

Overgrowth of hands, feet, face and jaw as a result of hyper-secretion of growth hormones in the adult will result in increase in bone mass.

Condition of extremities and skull. Additive, more attenuation, may need to increase technical factors

Chronic osteomyelitis

Chronic bone infection that results in new bone growth at infected site.

Condition of the skull and extremities, additive, more attenuation, may need to increase technical factors

Hydrocephalus

Dilation of fluid filled cerebral ventricles causing enlargement of the head resulting in increased thickness.

Condition of skull and extremities, additive, more attenuation, may need to increase technical factors

Osteoblastic metastases

Spread of cancer to bone can lead to uncontrolled new bone growth

Condition of skull or extremities, additive, more attenuation may need to increase technical factors

Osteochondroma

A tumor arising in the bone and cartilage will result in increased thickness of bone.

Condition of skull or extremities, additive, more attentuation, may need or increase technical factors

Pagets disease (osteitis deformans)

Increase occurs in bone cell activity leading to new bone growth increased bone thickness in pelvis, spine, and skull most often affected

Skull and extremities condition, additive, more attenuation, may have to increase technical factors

Sclerosis

Increase in hardening as a result of chronic inflammation in bone. Increase density of bone,

Condition of skull or extremities, additive, more attenuation, may have to increase technical factors

Anorexia nervosa

Psychological eating disorder that results in extreme weight loss overall body thickness is reduced.

Condition affects multiple sites. Destructive disease, decreased attenuation, may have to decrease technical factors

Atrophy

A wasting away of body tissue with diminished cell proliferation resulting in reduced thickness of specific part or entire body

Condition effecting multiple sites, destructive disease, decreased attenuation, may need to decrease technical factors

Emaciation

A generalized wasting away of body tissue resulting in reduced thickness of body.

Confirm affecting multiple sites, destructive condition, decreased attenuation, may need to decrease technical factors

Emphysema

Overdistention of lung tissues by air will result in decrease in lung tissue density.

Condition of chest, destructive condition, decreased attenuation, may need to decrease technical factors

Pneumothorax

Free air in pleural cavity displaces normal lung tissue and results in decreased density within thoracic cavity.

Condition of chest, destructive condition, decreased attenuation, may need to decrease technical factors

Aerophagia

Psychological disorder resulting in abnormal swallowing of air. Stomach becomes dilated from the air overall tissue density decreases

Condition of the abdomen, destructive condition, decreased attenuation, may need to decrease technical factors

Bowel obstruction

An obstruction in the bowel results in abnormal accumulation of air and fluid if a large amount of air is trapped in bowel overall density of tissue is decreased

Condition of abdomen, destructive condition. Decreased attenuation, may need to decrease technical factors

Active osteomyelitis

With a bone infection there is initially a loss of bone tissue (containing calcium) resulting in decrease in thickness and composition of part .

Condition of extremities and skull. Destructive condition, decreased attenuation. Tech factors maybe decreased but 50% of bone substance must be lost before change is seen.

Adaptive necrosis

Death of bone tissue results in decrease in composition and thickness of part.

Condition of extremities and skull. Destructive condition, decreased attenuation maybe decrease tech factors but 50% of bone substance must be lost before change is seen

Carcinoma

Malignancies in bone can cause osteolytic effect resulting in decreased thickness and composition of part.

Condition of extremities and skull, destructive condition, decrease attentuation. Maybe decrease tech factors 50% of bone substance lost before you see change

Degenerative arthritis

Inflammation of joints results in destruction of adjoining bone tissue decreasing composition of part.

Condition of extremities and skull, destructive condition. Decreases attenuation, maybe decrease tech factors 50% of bone substance lost before changes seen

Fibrosarcoma

Malignant tumor of metaphysis of bone that causes osteolytic lesion with moth eaten appearance. Reduced bone composition

Condition of extremity’s and skull. Destructive condition, decreased attenuation. Maybe decrease tech factors but 50% of bone substance must be lost to see change

Gout

Chronic stages of this metabolic disease areas of bone destruction result in punched out lesions reduce bone composition

Condition of extremities or skull, destructive condition, decreased attenuation maybe decrease tech factors 50% bone substance must be lost to see change

Hyperparathyroidism

Oversecretion of parathyroid hormone causes calcium to leave bone and enter bloodstream bone is demineralized composition decreased

Condition of skull or extremities, destructive condition, decreased attenuation maybe decrease tech factors

Multiple myeloma

Malignant tumor arises from plasma cells of bone marrow causes pinched our osteolytic areas on bone many sites affected reduced bone tissue composition

Destructive condition, condition if skull or extremities, decreased attentuation, maybe lower tech factors

Osteolytic metastases

When some malignancies spread to bone they produce destruction of bone resulting in reduced composition

Condition of skull or extremities, destructive condition, decreased attentuation, maybe decrease tech factors

Osteomalacia

Defect in bone mineralization results in decreased composition of affected bone.

Condition of skull or extremities, destructive condition, decreased attenuation, decrease technical factors maybe

7.78

Air effective atomic number

1.29

Air density kg/m³

6.46

Fat atomic number

916

Fat density kg/m³

7.51

Water atomic number

1,000

Water density kg/m³

7.64

Muscle atomic number

1,040

Muscle density kg/m³

12.31

Bone atomic number

1,650

Bone density kg/m³