history the cold war

Chambers/Hiss Case—read articles questions and know perjury sentence

• Was investigated because he was accused of being a communist spy and sharing info 

• Hiss joined the state department in 1936. Whittaker chambers accused him of being a communist. Chambers identified himself as a former communist agent. The documents that incriminated him were typed on the hiss typewriter. The chairman that investigated hiss was J Parnell thomas.

Berlin Blockade/Airlift

• The Berlin Blockade started in June 1948 when the Soviet Union cut off all land and water routes to West Berlin, trying to force the Allies to leave. In reply, the Allies organized the Berlin Airlift, sending supplies by plane to West Berlin to help the people, making it one of the first major conflicts of the Cold War.

Consumerism, automobile ownership, suburbanization, Baby Boom, and Middle-Class development

Consumerism

• After the war there is a post war rescission, consumerism gets us out

• They actually had money, was not funded by credit

• Buying things you want not need

Suburbanization

• Movement into suburbs

• People wanted to move from cities to suburbs but to do that we need housing --> housing boom

• Levittown: Building homes as fast as you can, build homes like an assembly line (all houses look exactly the same)

The baby boom

• Post war America  had a lot of kids

• Millions of babies were born --> need for a lot of baby products

• With the baby boom came a regression with women's roles--> women were stuck into roles of being stay at home moms, not working

Truman Doctrine philosophy and actions with Greece and Turkey

1. The Truman doctrine

• Message to Stalin on what our policy is going to be

• We will aid any democratic nation that is fighting against an armed minorities or outside pressures (the soviet union)

• CONTAINMENT POLICY --> everything should stay the way it is, we are going to protect our side of the iron curtain but not go over the iron curtain and disrupt the other side

• Greece and turkey

• Both democratic leaders with communist rebel groups trying to maintain control

Rosenberg Case

• Accused of revealing nucleur secrets to the USSR (we still don’t know if true). They didn’t trial as they pleaded the fifth. Bc of this they were executed which was controversial. 

• Important bc it created even more fear for Soviet spies in the US and nuclear secrets being spread. 

U-2 spy plane and the Paris Peace Summit

• The U-2 spy plane was used by the CIA for high-altitude reconnaissance missions during the Cold War, particularly to gather intelligence on Soviet military capabilities. The incident where a U-2 was shot down led to the collapse of the Paris Peace Summit and further escalated Cold War tensions.

Taft-Hartley: anti-labor, 80 day cooling off period before strike, closed shops banned, Republicans wanted it, Truman veto, override

• Anti-union act

  • Cannot strike for an 80 day period if you are in any national security job (cooling off period)

  • Outlawed closed shops--> shops that say you have to join the union to work there

  • Truman vetoed this, congress override the presidential veto

    .

Marshall Plan Aid and containment: Purpose and main region receiving aid

• The Marshall Plan, part of the U.S. policy of containment, provided economic aid to help rebuild Western Europe after World War II to prevent the spread of communism, with the main regions receiving aid being Western Europe, including countries like France and Germany.

Korean War and UN: Why was it nor vetoed?

• The Korean peninsula was split in half

  • North Korea= communist

  • South Korea= American controlled, democratic

• Kim ill sung --> communist leader

  • In 1950, sung came into south Korea. Our containment policy doesn’t allow this. They come in armed and are successful.

  • We are unprepared to help south Korea

• The soviets are boycotting the UN at this point because of our refusal to recognize communist china

• MacArthur is put in charge of getting back South Korea

  • We start to push the north Koreans out after landing at the bottom of south Korea--> what's left of the US Property

• We push too much against the boarder of china, we are now trying to fight off the north Koreans and the Chinese in 1950

• Macarthur now requests to Truman to allow to use the atomic bomb, china is not nuclear at this point, Truman said no, Macarthur kept asking to use the bomb and was eventually fired and removed him from the command of the Korean forces

• END: In 1953, we get a ceasefire and we are back to where we started

  • WE WERE SUCCESSFUL IN OUR CONTAINMENT POLICY IN SOUTH KOREA

McCarthyism targets and actions

A campaign led by Senator Joseph McCarthy in the early 1950s to identify and eliminate alleged communists in the U.S. government and other institutions, characterized by aggressive investigations and accusations without proper evidence.

• Ruining reputations and does this for a couple of years until he pushes too far

• Blames people of gov't of being communist

• He starts saying that the military is communist --> the public turns on him

Duck and Cover

A civil defense method promoted in the 1950s to protect individuals from nuclear explosions, involving taking cover under a desk or in a safe location.

• Korean War: early losses, military movements and landing, MacArthur vs Truman

The initial stages of the Korean War involved significant setbacks for UN forces, marked by North Korean advances into South Korea. Key military movements included the successful amphibious landing at Inchon, which turned the tide of the conflict, leading to a push towards the Chinese border.

Suburbanization in Bergen County Articles

• price range of homes in hillsdale and allendale: $21,000 - $22,000

• 65 houses built in allen crest

• before suburbanization bergen county was rural and had silk mills

• the opening of the george washington bridge changed bergen county

• home prices rose a lot and population greatly increased

• people moved to the suburbs because they were unsatisfied with apartment living

• many new places were created (college, garden state parkway, assembly plant, shopping center)

• ban of certain sales on sundays because of a traffic and parking problem

• GSP is now where bambergers was

• ramapo indians sued ford for dumbing thousands of tons of toxic material into their land

• American dream mall is exempt from the blue laws because it is state owned and in the same category as metlife

Truman Doctrine in Action Article: Greek Civil War facts

The Truman Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy strategy aimed at containing communism, which was notably applied during the Greek Civil War where American support helped the Greek government fight against communist insurgents.

• not in article: yugoslavia was helping greek communist party. the greek government forces won civil war.

Iron Curtain

• After the war, there was a barrier set up

• Anything to one side is under soviet control--> the countries have their own government but must follow soviet rules and demands

• Stalin wants to expand soviet control past the iron curtain

  

GI BILL-

•  Servicemen readjustment act (GI bill), Give veterans assistance in college tuition ,Low interest mortgages 

Cuban Revolution: names and US actions

The Cuban Revolution was a successful armed revolt led by Fidel Castro and his allies against the Batista regime in Cuba, which resulted in the establishment of a communist government. The U.S. responded with economic sanctions and the failed Bay of Pigs invasion to overthrow Castro.

Levittowns and process

Levittowns were mass-produced suburban housing developments created by William Levitt in the post-World War II era, aimed at providing affordable homes for returning veterans and their families. This process involved assembly-line techniques and standardized designs, allowing for rapid construction and expansion of suburban living. ALL HOUSES LOOK THE SAME

Truman’s domestic: Second Bill of Rights, Full Employment Act, Taft Hartley, Overall success

"fair deal" and The second bill of rights

• He believed that every American should have the right to housing, a job, food, healthcare

• Very expensive and radical - unaffordable

• "full employment act" - guaranteed a job to every American (wasn’t passed)

  

Taft- Hartley act (passed)

• Anti-union act

  • Cannot strike for an 80 day period if you are in any national security job (cooling off period)

  • Outlawed closed shops--> shops that say you have to join the union to work there

  • Truman vetoed this, congress override the presidential veto

Behind the Iron Curtain Article

• Russia is prosecuting any democratic leaders (Ex: Petkov leader of agrarian union in Bulgaria was charged with conspiracy and executed)

• before in the moscow agreement it was agreed that soviets should include representatives of democratic parties

• in yalta they agreed to represent more democratic elements

• the petkov case shows how lightly the russian government treats its written word (what happens behind the iron curtain)

• the soviets are scheming to turn countries into one party police states (communist persecution) 

• suppressing opposition through fixed elections, faked conspiracies, murder of political leaders

• communists have attempted to dominate the ministry of interior

• lots of corruption and restricted freedoms in eastern europe by the soviets to retain communism 

NATO

• North Atlantic treaty organization

• Best to create and alliances

• Mutual defense alliance- if ones gets attacked we all get attacked

  

Eisenhower Doctrine

A U.S. policy established in 1957, asserting that the United States would provide military and economic assistance to Middle Eastern countries resisting communist aggression.

Ho Chi Minh Said to Make Secret Arms Deal With Mao article

• Ho Chi Minh has conducted a secret military deal with China 

• France has urged the US to speed up its deliveries of material, especially aircrafts, to french forces in vietnam 

• france and bao dai lack a bombardment of aircraft and fighters 

• france needs more fighters and bombers 

• the chinese have a large force that can intervene in vietnam 

• military buildup in china: soviet and japanese fighter planes are in china

• france is scared if ho chi minh receives air force form china and soviet union

• french claim they are the only ones protecting the southeast asiatic areas to the north

Justice Douglas Actions regarding Rosenbergs: Article

• Douglas granted a stay of execution (pause) 2 days before execution

  • Thought the sentencing was wrong, shouldn’t be sentenced to death

  • Wanted to wait until they could determine whether execution was legal

• Other justices overrode his stay and they were executed

Vietnam: Indochina war: France, Bao Dai, Ho Chi Minh

Indo- china war

• US Sends aid to the Vietnamese and the French

  

• There is 2 competing forces

• Ho chi minh- communist leader, likes to see Vietnam become communist

• The current leader in Vietnam (Bao dai) is like a puppet, does what the French tell him to do

Vietnam Geneva Accords

• Stop fighting and split

• One year later there will be an election to unify North and South Vietnam

• We don’t want this because everyone will vote communist

  • It never happens even though the Geneva accords promised it 

    

The Marshall Plan Article

• Economic recovery plan for W europe. Also offered money to E Europe but stalin called this US meddling(unwanted help) and wouldn’t let E europe take the money/help from US. 

• didn’t want communist ideas to be spread

• The plan works!: good for US farmers and factories while strengthening ties w/ W Europe (now have buyers and a trading market for US). Europe recovers immensely and all communism appeal declines in W europe. 

Atomic Bomb is NOT the weapon article: Know the arguments against using them

• voices of doom

• loosing soul

• extends war to the world

• consolidate north korea

• compared to moginot line

• we dont have wnough bombs

• 1 or 2 atomic bombs wouldnt work and stop the north koreans from fighting

North Korea Purge Article: What happened?

• the north korean govt began to kill one another off in a series of purges

• very drastic

• kim II sung

• pro chinese allegiance

CIA in Guatemala and Iran

• Iran

  • Mohammad Mosaddegh - 84% of oil revenue would go British 16 to Iran, but when he comes in power he completely nationalizes the oil company = 100% Iranian

  • They Dulles's say he is a communist because he nationalized a industry, takes control over the company, even though he is not communist he does communist like actions

  • Operation AJAX- pay journalists to write bad things about Mosaddegh, pay military leaders and religious leaders to do the same thing

  • The plan was successful, but it didn’t matter because we put in the next leaders who were Dictators (the Shah)

    • The Shah is the worst person and didn’t care about the people

    • Very corrupt

    • We didn’t care because he was a dictator, but not a communist

• Guatemala

  • Jacobo Arbenz - leader of Guatemala, Guatemala are very poor because we own part of their fruit industry (united fruit company)  and get most of the profit for cheap. Arbenz wants to nationalize the unused land of the united fruit company and we see this as communist

  • The US recruits Carlos Armas to replace Arbenz

  • The CIA was dropping bombs and they made the people think that it was the Guatemala government bombing them. They eventually over throw him because they think he's the one throwing these bombs. Caused a war.

    • It was successful to us because Armas wasn’t communist

      

Dulles and Nuclear Deterrence

John Foster Dulles, U.S. Secretary of State during the Eisenhower administration, advocated for a policy of nuclear deterrence where the U.S. would rely on its nuclear arsenal to deter potential aggressors, particularly the Soviet Union, by threatening massive retaliation against any acts of aggression.

r-7

• The soviets fire successfully the R-7 rocket in 1957

• First ICBM

• In late 1957, they put SPUTNIK into the air

  • First artificial satellite into space

  • Doesn’t actually do anything, just for fear

  • We are more worried about what they can put next in space

    

Gagarin

Yuri Gagarin

• First man in space

• We are still falling behind on the space race

  

Sputnik

• In late 1957, they put SPUTNIK into the air

  • First artificial satellite into space

  • Doesn’t actually do anything, just for fear

  • We are more worried about what they can put next in space

    

Lavender Scare article

• McCarthy’s senate, HUAC, and FBI investigation headed by J Edgar Hoover

• Trying to find gay men in US government 

• Had very little evidence, very presumptuous (judging on “feminine” qualities)

• Illogical attack

Hydrogen Bomb development and potential destruction

Hydrogen bomb/Ivy mike

• Thermonuclear fusion--> more powerful than ever

• Make the atomic bomb in Hiroshima look like nothing

• A lot of people say that we shouldn’t make this bomb because we are making something that can potentially kill us all

  • We look at it as that we should make it because what if Russia gets to it

    

Domino theory

• If china falls to communism it's one thing, if you let korea go, it's going to spread to Japan, etc 

• Communism is going to keep spreading

Diem election in Vietnam

• Vietnam needs a popular leader that is not seen as a puppet so the people will like their leader

• He won by more votes than the amount of people who lived there--> rigged election

  • WE WERE NOT ABLE TO CONTAIN, N. VIETNAM BECAME COMMUNIST --> CAN WE SAVE SOUTH VIETNAM?

Hungarian Revolution and US response- 1956

Hungary is having a democratic revolution and is begging America for help. We choose to not get involved because then we would be in war against the soviets. The Soviets end up taking over.

Eisenhower doctrine article

• use needs 2/3 to win over in the UN

• the united nation peace force will be a difficult task

• the program for the middle east is high in aims and admirable in content

• lebanon was where operation blue bat took place.

Culture (Rock N Roll, Beats, TV, Dancing)-

Elvis

• He played a type of music that was seen as African American, not traditional music

• Parents feared that kids would mix with other races and have sex because of his music

• Pushes the boundaries of 1950

Marilyn Monroe

• Most popular actress in the 1950's

• First ever playboy --> pushed 1950's boundaries

James Dean

• Famous in the 50's with movie rebel without a cause

• Rebelled against societal norms

Toys

• Barbie

  • Was introduced in 1950

  • There was a problem because the OG barbie was showing a lot of skin--> pushing norms

• Slinky - biggest selling toy of the 1950

• Mr and Mrs potato head

• Play Doh

Tv Shows

• Leave it to Beaver

• Father Knows Best

• I love Lucy

  • Conformist TV

  • Wholesome America

  • Trying to show wholesome America nothing controversial

The beets

• Literature that pushed back against the conformity