Studied by 1 person
Standard bullseye shaped rash Tick-vectored (arthropod-borne) Persistent infection Antigenic variation (hides from immune system) Easily treated by antibiotics, but no vaccine Local
Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)
Tick-vectored (arthropod-borne) Adhesions Intracellular: infects endothelial cells of mammals 0.2 x 0.5 micrometers (tiny) Usually need antibody test to be diagnosed Local; mid-southeast/midwest Treated with antibiotics, but no vaccine
Rickettsia rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Scarlet Fever)
Endospores (virulence factor) that resist antibiotics Releases toxins into gut that forms a pseudomembrane Opportunistic infection No vaccine Hospital acquired Transmission: fecal, oral, opportunistic
Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
Virulence factor: Intracellular pathogen
Flagella in less than 37C
Actin rockets; spreads quickly systemically
Food borne; commonly found in dairy (think ice cream, local contamination)
Can cross the placental barrier
Associated with gastroenteritis (diarrhea), can cause meningitis if severe
No vaccine, antibiotics needed
Listeria monocytogenes
Transmission: respiratory Can be treated with antibiotics Vaccine rates are high, so not really around (DTaP) anymore in the U.S Toxin Gram positive bacilli BUT club-shaped Causes severe cough and swelling of the upper respiratory tract (can suffocate) Virulence factor: pseudomembrane from exotoxin
Corynebacterium diphtheria (diphtheria)
Transmission: respiratory Vaccine; there is an elderly version Gram positive cocci Capsule (makes it sticky and helps it hide from the immune system) Many people are carriers Many different strains Local, but can be hospital acquired
Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumonia)
Most common in young children and infants Gram negative, no flagella, coccobacilli Associated with epiglottitis Capsule Vaccine Local
Haemophilus influenza b (HIB)
Gram negative cocci (diplococci) Capsule & pilli Very virulent Sticky to respiratory tract; can easily go systemic to CNS Vaccine Local & around the world (common in college students)
Neisseria meningitidis (meningitis)
Gram negative rod Capsule, flagella, fimbriae UTI- ExPEC (that can progress to kidney failure) Gastroenteritis (EPEC, EHEC, STEC) Diarrhea (liquidy or bloody) Exists in normal microbiota, but certain strains cause disease Also can be food borne No vaccine
E. coli k (E. coli)
Infection of the lungs Tested using an acid fast stain (with sputum) Happens acutely, then can be chronic, and latent (disappear and come back) Hides in tubercle Vaccines in some communities; not really in the U.S
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Tested using a swab and put on a blood agar plate to be examined Fever: pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, endocarditis (complication) Respiratory droplets (also microbiota, 40% kids) Virulence factors: toxins (hemolysin), capsule No vaccine
Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)
Found in hospitals Has extreme antibiotic resistance (K-PC) Not really virulent Capsule No vaccine
Klebsiella pneumonia
Causes skin infections, deep tissue infections No vaccine
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram negative Number one infection in people with cystic fibrosis (it can become antibiotic resistant) Can cause pneumonia Healthy person can have this and not be affected, but when sick, can become infected Forms a biofilm in lungs, inner ear, or deep tissue
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Opportunistic from microbiota Thrives on lipids, so increase risk during adolescence, pregnancy Doxycycline can be used as treatment or other topical antibiotics
Propionibacterium acnes
Virulence factors for Staph hyaluronidase, for Strep coagulase and streptokinase Direct contact transmission Antibiotic treatment- known resistance HAI, local, and around the world No vaccine
Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) OR Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) *most common (Impetigo)
Exotoxins: hemolysins called staphylolysin and coagulase No vaccine Antibiotic treatment, resistance known MRSA HAI, local, around the world
Staphylococcus aureus (SSSS (Staph scalded skin syndrome)
Virulence factors: protease and avoiding of neutrophils Direct contact, into wound or cut Debridement and antibiotic ointments for treatment No vaccine
Streptococcus pyogenes (necrotizing fasciitis: flesh-eating disease)
Exposure to contaminated soil endospore (can live in the environment for a long time) Common from farm animals Black eschar on skin Fatal if B. anthracis spreads to the bloodstream, toxin can be inhaled by spores as well Vaccine only to certain groups
Bacillus anthracis (cutaneous anthrax)
Direct contact, opportunistic Vaccine available Contact lens hygiene, hand hygiene, and no sharing mascara or other eye makeup Antibiotic drops Left untreated, damage to eye Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis can occur along with colds or symptom
Haemophilus influenza (pink eye)
Newborn STI No vaccines Antibiotic treatment
Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma)
Lower respiratory tract disease Respiratory droplet transmission Virulence: toxin inflames airway DTaP vaccination
Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)
Causes stridor- wheezing Respiratory droplets or dc, some microbiota (carriers) Virulence factor: capsule Vaccine Resistance to antibiotics Cause other infection also, WCS meningitis
Haemophilus influenzna strain b- HIB (Epiglottitis)
Outer ear canal pain and inflammation, otitis externa Respiratory droplets or dc, waterborne Varying virulence factors: biofilm Antibiotic ear drops- Cipro No vaccine
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Swimmer's Ear)
Eustachian tube blockage Varying virulence factors: biofilm Secondary infection after viral disease Antibiotic treatment, many resistant infections PVC vaccine has decreased cases Treatment: "Tubes in ears"
Middle ear infection, acute otitis media
The only bacteria without a cell wall Attack mucosal membranes of the upper and lower respiratory tract Bronchitis Respiratory droplets Requires host Antibiotic treated but no beta lactams
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (walking pneumonia)
Antibiotic treated Complication of cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised patients
Pseudomonas, or a mix of species *usually pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacterial pneumonia)
Lower respiratory tract Virulence: waxy mycolic acids, ability to form tubercles.. 10 cells infectious dose Active infection: chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, or latent Diagnosis relies on radiology (commonly chest x-rays) BCG, or bacille Calmette-Guerin Very long antibiotic treatments
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Plaque (bacterial biofilms)
Streptococcus mutans
•Diarrhea and dehydration
•Linked to milk products and poultry, raw produce, Foodborne disease, dc
•Virulence factor is invade macrophages, endotoxin, toxins, infectious dose (100,000 cells)
•Over 1 million cases a year in U.S.
•Fluids to treat, in severe cases: fluoroquinolones
Salmonella enterica (Salmonellosis)
•Severe diarrhea
•Virulence factor: Shiga exotoxin
•Foodborne disease, dc ( hand washing imperative)
•NO vaccine, sometimes antibiotics, and 100 cell infectious dose (shed for a month) hygiene important
•Dr. Erin Murphy’s research
Shigella dysenteriae (Shigellosis)
Travelers diarrhea version of E.coli (inflammation), gastroenteritis ( invasive) or hemorrhagic colitis, E.coli strains EHEC and EPEC(deadly)
Reservoir is cattle, under cooked beef or water contamination
•Virulence: enterotoxins and fimbriae Shiga –like toxin (HGT from Shigella)
•HUS can be a complication- kidney failure
•Antibiotics treatment is complicated- HUS
E. coli (hemorrhagic colitis)
•Gastroenteritis- bloody diarrhea
•2.5 million cases per year in US
•Virulence: Enterotoxin
•Cut chicken on a cutting board?- food safety! DC with sick puppies.
•Erythromycin
•GBS
Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacteriosis)
•Waterborne gastroenteritis
•Watery diarrhea and dehydration with risk of death
•Virulence-Enterotoxin
•Secretion of fluid and electrolytes into the lumen of the small intestine
•WORLD disease- 3 to 5 million cases and 100,000 deaths each year
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
peptic (stomach) ulcers and infection
Helicobacter pylori
raw oysters
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
VRE E. faecalis can cause life-threatening infections in humans, especially in the hospital setting- HAI
Enterococcus faecalis
Gram - Escherichia coli (most common) & gram + staphylococcus saprophyticus
Sexual intercourse is a mode of transmission?
Antibiotics can treat, Bactrim
Prevention: cranberry juice?? regular urination, cleanliness
Virulence factors of this microbiota help the organism overcome host defenses and colonize or invade the urinary tract
•Adhesins
Urinalysis- Clean catch of urine to minimize contamination with normal microbiota of the penis and vagina
UTI- urinary tract infection
Urethritis, cystitis, epididymitis, vaginosis, swollen lymph nodes in the groin, PID
fimbriae
PID for women if undetected
β-lactam antibiotics
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (The Clap)
Gram –Without treatment with antibiotics could develop into neonatal pneumonia, and neonatal conjunctivitis, PID
autotransporter proteins, stress response proteins, and type III secretion effectors
Erythromycin
Chlamydia trachomatis (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
Syphilis- STI
Treponema pallidium
