bacterial species & diseases

Standard bullseye shaped rash
Tick-vectored (arthropod-borne)
Persistent infection
Antigenic variation (hides from immune system)
Easily treated by antibiotics, but no vaccine
Local

Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)

Tick-vectored (arthropod-borne)
Adhesions
Intracellular: infects endothelial cells of mammals
0.2 x 0.5 micrometers (tiny)
Usually need antibody test to be diagnosed
Local; mid-southeast/midwest
Treated with antibiotics, but no vaccine

Rickettsia rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Scarlet Fever)

Endospores (virulence factor) that resist antibiotics
Releases toxins into gut that forms a pseudomembrane
Opportunistic infection
No vaccine
Hospital acquired
Transmission: fecal, oral, opportunistic

Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

Virulence factor: Intracellular pathogen

Flagella in less than 37C

Actin rockets; spreads quickly systemically

Food borne; commonly found in dairy (think ice cream, local contamination)

Can cross the placental barrier

Associated with gastroenteritis (diarrhea), can cause meningitis if severe

No vaccine, antibiotics needed

Listeria monocytogenes

Transmission: respiratory
Can be treated with antibiotics
Vaccine rates are high, so not really around (DTaP) anymore in the U.S
Toxin
Gram positive bacilli BUT club-shaped
Causes severe cough and swelling of the upper respiratory tract (can suffocate)
Virulence factor: pseudomembrane from exotoxin

Corynebacterium diphtheria (diphtheria)

Transmission: respiratory
Vaccine; there is an elderly version
Gram positive cocci
Capsule (makes it sticky and helps it hide from the immune system)
Many people are carriers
Many different strains
Local, but can be hospital acquired

Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumonia)

Most common in young children and infants
Gram negative, no flagella, coccobacilli
Associated with epiglottitis
Capsule
Vaccine
Local

Haemophilus influenza b (HIB)

Gram negative cocci (diplococci)
Capsule & pilli
Very virulent
Sticky to respiratory tract; can easily go systemic to CNS
Vaccine
Local & around the world (common in college students)

Neisseria meningitidis (meningitis)

Gram negative rod
Capsule, flagella, fimbriae
UTI- ExPEC (that can progress to kidney failure)
Gastroenteritis (EPEC, EHEC, STEC)
Diarrhea (liquidy or bloody)
Exists in normal microbiota, but certain strains cause disease
Also can be food borne
No vaccine

E. coli k (E. coli)

Infection of the lungs
Tested using an acid fast stain (with sputum)
Happens acutely, then can be chronic, and latent (disappear and come back)
Hides in tubercle
Vaccines in some communities; not really in the U.S

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

Tested using a swab and put on a blood agar plate to be examined
Fever: pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, endocarditis (complication)
Respiratory droplets (also microbiota, 40% kids)
Virulence factors: toxins (hemolysin), capsule
No vaccine

Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)

Found in hospitals
Has extreme antibiotic resistance (K-PC)
Not really virulent
Capsule
No vaccine

Klebsiella pneumonia

Causes skin infections, deep tissue infections
No vaccine

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram negative
Number one infection in people with cystic fibrosis (it can become antibiotic resistant)
Can cause pneumonia
Healthy person can have this and not be affected, but when sick, can become infected
Forms a biofilm in lungs, inner ear, or deep tissue

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Opportunistic from microbiota
Thrives on lipids, so increase risk during adolescence, pregnancy
Doxycycline can be used as treatment or other topical antibiotics

Propionibacterium acnes

Virulence factors for Staph hyaluronidase, for Strep coagulase and streptokinase
Direct contact transmission
Antibiotic treatment- known resistance
HAI, local, and around the world
No vaccine

Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) OR Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) *most common (Impetigo)

Exotoxins: hemolysins called staphylolysin and coagulase
No vaccine
Antibiotic treatment, resistance known MRSA
HAI, local, around the world

Staphylococcus aureus (SSSS (Staph scalded skin syndrome)

Virulence factors: protease and avoiding of neutrophils
Direct contact, into wound or cut
Debridement and antibiotic ointments for treatment
No vaccine

Streptococcus pyogenes (necrotizing fasciitis: flesh-eating disease)

Exposure to contaminated soil endospore (can live in the environment for a long time)
Common from farm animals
Black eschar on skin
Fatal if B. anthracis spreads to the bloodstream, toxin can be inhaled by spores as well
Vaccine only to certain groups

Bacillus anthracis (cutaneous anthrax)

Direct contact, opportunistic
Vaccine available
Contact lens hygiene, hand hygiene, and no sharing mascara or other eye makeup
Antibiotic drops
Left untreated, damage to eye
Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis can occur along with colds or symptom

Haemophilus influenza (pink eye)

Newborn
STI
No vaccines
Antibiotic treatment

Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma)

Lower respiratory tract disease
Respiratory droplet transmission
Virulence: toxin inflames airway
DTaP vaccination

Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)

Causes stridor- wheezing
Respiratory droplets or dc, some microbiota (carriers)
Virulence factor: capsule
Vaccine
Resistance to antibiotics
Cause other infection also, WCS meningitis

Haemophilus influenzna strain b- HIB (Epiglottitis)

Outer ear canal pain and inflammation, otitis externa
Respiratory droplets or dc, waterborne
Varying virulence factors: biofilm
Antibiotic ear drops- Cipro
No vaccine

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Swimmer's Ear)

Eustachian tube blockage
Varying virulence factors: biofilm
Secondary infection after viral disease
Antibiotic treatment, many resistant infections
PVC vaccine has decreased cases
Treatment: "Tubes in ears"

Middle ear infection, acute otitis media

The only bacteria without a cell wall
Attack mucosal membranes of the upper and lower respiratory tract
Bronchitis
Respiratory droplets
Requires host
Antibiotic treated but no beta lactams

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (walking pneumonia)

Antibiotic treated
Complication of cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised patients

Pseudomonas, or a mix of species *usually pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacterial pneumonia)

Lower respiratory tract
Virulence: waxy mycolic acids, ability to form tubercles.. 10 cells infectious dose
Active infection: chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, or latent
Diagnosis relies on radiology (commonly chest x-rays)
BCG, or bacille Calmette-Guerin
Very long antibiotic treatments

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

Plaque (bacterial biofilms)

Streptococcus mutans

•**Diarrhea and dehydration**



•Linked to milk products and poultry, raw produce, Foodborne disease, dc



•Virulence factor is invade macrophages, endotoxin, toxins, infectious dose (100,000 cells)



•Over 1 million cases a year in U.S.



•Fluids to treat, in severe cases:  fluoroquinolones

Salmonella enterica (Salmonellosis)

•Severe diarrhea



•Virulence factor: Shiga exotoxin



•Foodborne disease, dc ( hand washing imperative)



•NO vaccine, sometimes antibiotics, and **100 cell infectious dose** (shed for a month) hygiene important



•Dr. Erin Murphy’s research

Shigella dysenteriae (Shigellosis)

Travelers diarrhea version of *E.coli* (inflammation), gastroenteritis ( invasive)  or hemorrhagic colitis,  *E.coli* strains EHEC and EPEC(deadly)



Reservoir is cattle, under cooked beef or water contamination



•Virulence: enterotoxins and fimbriae Shiga –like toxin (HGT from *Shigella*)



•HUS can be a complication- kidney failure



•Antibiotics treatment is complicated- HUS

E. coli (hemorrhagic colitis)

•Gastroenteritis- bloody diarrhea



•2.5 million cases per year in US



•Virulence: Enterotoxin



•Cut chicken on a cutting board?- food safety! DC with sick puppies.



•Erythromycin



•GBS

Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacteriosis)

•Waterborne gastroenteritis



•Watery diarrhea and dehydration with risk of death



•Virulence-Enterotoxin



•Secretion of fluid and electrolytes into the lumen of the small intestine



•WORLD disease- 3 to 5 million cases and 100,000 deaths each year

Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)

peptic (stomach) ulcers and infection

Helicobacter pylori

raw oysters

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

VRE *E. faecalis* can cause life-threatening infections in humans, especially in the hospital setting- HAI

Enterococcus faecalis

Gram - Escherichia coli (most common) & gram + staphylococcus saprophyticus

Sexual intercourse is a mode of transmission?

Antibiotics can treat, Bactrim

Prevention:  cranberry juice?? regular urination, cleanliness



Virulence factors of this microbiota help the organism overcome host defenses and colonize or invade the urinary tract



•***Adhesins***



Urinalysis- Clean catch of urine to minimize contamination with normal microbiota of the penis and vagina

UTI- urinary tract infection

Urethritis, cystitis, epididymitis, vaginosis, swollen lymph nodes in the groin, PID



fimbriae



PID for women if undetected



β-lactam antibiotics

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (The Clap)

Gram –Without treatment with antibiotics could develop into neonatal pneumonia, and neonatal conjunctivitis, PID



autotransporter proteins, stress response proteins, and type III secretion effectors



Erythromycin

Chlamydia trachomatis (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)

Syphilis- STI

Treponema pallidium