Conditions Unit 1-3

CP(Cerebral Palsy)

umbrella term for a group of non-progressive motor disorders that affect movement, posture, & coordination.

What is CP caused by

Caused by brain damage before, during, or after birth

Spastic CP

stiff, tight muscles

Dyskinetic CP

uncontrolled writhing movements

Ataxic CP

Poor balance and coordination

Hypotonic CP

floppy muscles

Mixed CP

Combination of CP types

Symptoms of CP

-Delayed motor milestones (e.g., crawling, walking)

-Muscle stiffness or weakness

-Abnormal posture

-Difficulty with balance and coordination --Seizures

-Learning disabilities

What is one role of an occupational therapist (OT) in managing cerebral palsy (CP)?

Supports spasticity management

What do occupational therapists provide to assist individuals with cerebral palsy?

Adaptive devices

What type of training do OTs offer to caregivers of individuals with cerebral palsy?

Caregiver training

How do OTs help improve physical abilities in individuals with cerebral palsy?

Improve motor skills and coordination

What aspect of physical health do OTs enhance for individuals with cerebral palsy?

Enhance balance and posture

What fine motor skills do OTs help develop for daily living activities in individuals with cerebral palsy?

Activities such as dressing, eating, and writing

What self-care abilities do OTs foster in individuals with cerebral palsy?

Abilities such as bathing and toileting

What do OTs promote to encourage social interaction in individuals with cerebral palsy?

Play and social participation

How do OTs accommodate the needs of individuals with cerebral palsy?

Adapt tasks and environments

Chracot-Marie-Tooth(CMT)

hereditary neuropathy affecting peripheral nerves, which leads to progressive weakness, atrophy, and sensory loss

What are the different types of CMT based off of

genetic and nerve involvement

CMT1

demyelinating type (affects the myelin sheath)

CMT2

axonal type (affects nerve axons)

CMTX

X-linked form

CMT4

Recessive, rare forms

Symptoms of CMT

-Difficulty with fine motor tasks (e.g., buttons, zippers)

-Fatigue, tremors, joint and nerve pain

-Muscle weakness in feet, legs, hands, and forearms

-Foot drop and high-steppage gait

-High-arched feet (pes cavus), curled toes

-Frequent tripping, falls, and ankle sprains

-Decreased sensation in extremities

-Scoliosis, kyphosis, sleep apnea (in some cases

Interventions for CMT

Orthotics, assistive devices, pain management, therapies, surgeries, avoid heat and overextension

OT's role with CMT

Enhance independence in daily living activities

-Dressing, grooming, feeding, hygiene• Fine motor skill development

-Buttoning, writing, using utensils

-Energy conservation strategies

-Task modification, pacing

-Environmental adaptations

-Home safety, ergonomic tools

-Caregiver education

Muscular Dystrophy

a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that causes progressive weakness and loss of muscle tissue

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

most common form in children, primarily affecting boys with onset between ages 3-5

Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD)

similar to DMD but milder and with a slower progression with onset in teens or early adulthood

Myotonic Dystrophy (DM)

most common adult form, aka Steinherts disease with onset between 20-30yrs

Facioscapulohumeral (FSHD)

causes muscle weakness in the face, shoulder, and upper arms with onset in the teenage years

Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy(LGMD)

affects the muscles of the shoulders and the hips with varying onset, severity, and progression

Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD)

a group of dystrophies that are apparent at birth or before the age 2

What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

- Progressive genetic disorder characterized by muscle degeneration and weakness due to mutations in the dystrophin gene.

- X-linked recessive mutation in the dystrophin gene; primarily affects male

Symptoms of DMD

-Muscle weakness (especially in legs and pelvis)

-Difficulty walking, frequent falls

-Enlarged calves

-Fatigue

-Learning difficulties

-Respiratory and cardiac complications

Intervention of DMD

Corticosteroids, therapies, assistive devices, respiratory support, cardiac monitoring, surgery for contractures or scoliosis

What is one role of an OT DMD?

Promote independence in ADLs

What strategy do OT DMDs use for managing energy?

Energy conservation strategies

What type of adaptations do OT DMDs provide?

Home and school adaptations

What do OT DMDs manage in relation to discomfort?

Pain and posture management

What support do OT DMDs offer for physical movement?

Support for mobility and transfer

What type of education do OT DMDs provide to families?

Caregiver education

What is a contraindication for OT DMDs?

Overexertion

Down Syndrome

genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21)

What is a common symptom of Down Syndrome related to cognitive function?

Intellectual disability

What physical condition characterized by reduced muscle tone is common in individuals with Down Syndrome?

Hypotonia

What is a common physical characteristic of individuals with Down Syndrome regarding their height?

Short stature

What type of physical features are distinct in individuals with Down Syndrome?

Distinct facial features

What developmental issue is frequently observed in individuals with Down Syndrome?

Developmental delays

What types of sensory issues are common in individuals with Down Syndrome?

Hearing and vision issues

What type of congenital health issue is often found in individuals with Down Syndrome?

Congenital heart defects

Intervention for Down Syndrome

Early intervention programs, therapies, educational support, medical management of comorbidities

What is one role of an occupational therapist (OT) in Down Syndrome?

Support fine and gross motor development

How do occupational therapists facilitate self-care skills in individuals with Down Syndrome?

By teaching and supporting self-care skills

What type of strategies do OTs use for sensory regulation in Down Syndrome?

Sensory regulation strategies

What kind of support do OTs provide for social and emotional development in Down Syndrome?

Social and emotional support

What do OTs promote to enhance daily routines for individuals with Down Syndrome?

Independence in daily routines

What caution should be taken into account when working with individuals with Down Syndrome?

Caution: spinal instability

What type of strategies do OTs provide to help individuals with Down Syndrome adapt to their environment?

Adaptive strategies

What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

An acute autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks peripheral nerves.

What are the symptoms of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

Muscle weakness and paralysis.

What often precedes Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

Viral or bacterial infections.

What type of response is involved in Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

An immune-mediated response targeting peripheral nerves.

Symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

-Ascending muscle weakness

-Tingling and numbness

-Loss of reflexes

-Difficulty breathing or swallowing

-Fatigue and Pain

-Autonomic dysfunction

Interventions of GBS

IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin), Plasmapheresis, Respiratory support,Pain management, Rehabilitation therapies

What is one role of Occupational Therapy (OT) in Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)?

Support recovery of motor function

What is another role of OT in GBS?

ADL retraining

What is a role of OT in GBS related to energy management?

Energy conservation

What type of tools might OT provide for patients with GBS?

Adaptive equipment

What type of support does OT provide for emotional well-being in GBS?

Psychosocial support

What aspect of the home does OT address for GBS patients?

Home safety and accessibility

What should OT help GBS patients avoid during recovery?

Overfatigue

What condition should OT monitor for in GBS patients?

Autonomic dysreflexia

Colles fracture

-a break in the distal, or lower, end of the radius, one of the two bones of the forearm.

-This injury typically causes the broken bone fragment to displace backward and upward, producing a characteristic "dinner fork" deformity in the wrist

What is a common symptom of a Colles fracture?

Severe pain in the wrist, especially when flexing it.

What are the physical signs of a Colles fracture?

Tenderness, swelling, and bruising.

What deformity may be observed in a Colles fracture?

An obvious deformity in the wrist, which may resemble a dinner fork.

What sensation might a person experience in their hand and fingers with a Colles fracture?

Numbness or tingling.

What is a common functional limitation caused by a Colles fracture?

The inability to hold or grip objects.

Similarities and differences between a Colles and Smith fracture

-both types of distal radius fractures

-differ in direction of bone displacement after fracture

-colles fracture is more common

Scaphoid fracture

-fracture is at the proximal pole, blood flow is easily disrupted, which can delay or prevent healing

-makes the bone vulnerable to avascular necrosis

Tendonitis

an acute, short-term condition characterized by inflammation of the tendon, often caused by a sudden injury or overuse

Tendinosis

a chronic, degenerative condition involving the breakdown of collagen in the tendon due to repetitive strain or a tendonitis injury that never fully healed

Tendinosis vs Tendonitis

the difference between tendonitis and tendinosis is the underlying cause of the tendon damage

Golfers elbow/Medial epicondylitis

-affects the tendons on the inner part of the elbow

-caused by repetitive motions such as gripping, twisting, or flexing the wrist

Tennis elbow/Lateral epicondylitis

-caused by the overuse of the tendons on the outer elbow

-commonly associated with tennis, it can affect anyone who repeatedly uses their forearm muscles

What is De Quervain's tenosynovitis?

A painful condition affecting the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist, where they pass through a narrow tunnel.

What can cause De Quervain's tenosynovitis?

Repetitive or overuse motions.

What happens to the protective sheath around the tendons in De Quervain's tenosynovitis?

It can swell and thicken.

What is the result of the swelling and thickening of the sheath in De Quervain's tenosynovitis?

It restricts the tendons' movement, leading to friction and pain.

What is the main symptom of De Quervain's Tenosynovitis?

Pain and tenderness on the thumb side of the wrist.

How does the pain associated with De Quervain's Tenosynovitis typically change with movement?

The pain worsens with thumb and wrist movements, especially when gripping, grasping, or pinching objects.

What additional symptom may be visible over the thumb side of the wrist in De Quervain's Tenosynovitis?

Swelling or a fluid-filled cyst.

What sensation might you experience when moving your thumb with De Quervain's Tenosynovitis?

A 'sticking' or 'stop-and-go' sensation.

Jersey/Rugby Finger

-an injury that occurs when the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon is torn from the end of the finger bone

-This injury commonly occurs in sports like football and rugby when a person grabs an opponent's jersey and their finger gets forcefully straightened as the opponent pulls away

What is a symptom of Jersey finger related to finger movement?

An inability to actively bend the tip of the injured finger.

What are common symptoms of Jersey finger?

Pain, swelling, tenderness.

What might be observed on the palm side of the finger in Jersey finger?

Potentially bruising along the palm side of the finger.

How does the affected finger typically rest in Jersey finger?

The affected finger will usually remain in a more extended position than the other fingers.

What sound or sensation may occur at the time of a Jersey finger injury?

May also hear or feel a 'pop' at the time of the injury.