Chapter 5: LBM

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51 Terms

1
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What is a polysaccharide?

A polysaccharide is a carbohydrate composed of many sugar molecules linked together.

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Polysaccharides can be broken down into what monosaccharide?

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

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What is a monosaccharide?

Simplest form of a carbohydrate, made of a few simple sugars

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What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms?

2:1; Hydrogen is double of carbon

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What is the function of starch?

Starch serves as a storage form of energy in plants.

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What is the function of cellulose?

Cellulose is structural support in the cell wall

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Why do humans not use cellulose?

Humans don’t have the same enzyme linkages and enzymes to break it down

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What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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What role does a base sequence of bonded nucleotides provide for an organism?

It encodes genetic information essential for the organism’s functions and traits. (DNA and RNA)

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What is the function of DNA

DNA encodes the genetic information essential for an organism's traits and functions.

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What does RNA do?

Translates DNA into proteins, acting as messenger

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Why does DNA need RNA to be functional?

RNA is essential for translating and carrying genetic information from DNA to synthesize proteins

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Why are proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids considered biomolecular polymers?

They are large molecules made of repeating monomers linked together.

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What is nucleic acid?

Large molecules that store and expresses genetic information in cells

15
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What is dehydration synthesis?

Process that links any small molecules

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Hydrolysis

Process that breaks up a protein into amino acids

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Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins; combine to form proteins

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What does Dehydration synthesis produce

Water; bigger compounds to smaller that release water

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What is an R group/side chain?

is a variable group attached to an amino acid that determines its properties and identity.

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What is a nucleotide?

Building block of nucleic acids

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How are nucleic acids and amino acids different?

Nucleic acids deal with genes and traits; Amino acids deal with building proteins

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What does the primary protein structure do?

Unique sequence of amino acids

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Secondary Structure

Found in most proteins; alpha helix and folds in polypeptide chain to beta pleated sheet

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Tertiary Structure

Determined by interactions among R groups; yields fully folded polypeptide chain

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What is a polypeptide

chain of amino acids linked together

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Quaternary structure

Results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains (multiple proteins)

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Why is primary structure important for protein function

Shape = function; dictates the proteins 3D shape

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What is a structural protein?

A structural protein provides support and shape to cells and tissues. (ex spider silk)

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What is a storage protein?

Act as reserves for amino acids; (ex. egg whites)

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Why are oils generally liquid at room temp?

Double bonds between carbons (bends hydrocarbon tail)

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What LBM does not contain nitrogen?

Carbohydrates

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Where is molecular info represented in amino acids?

Side chains (R-group)

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Where is molecular info represented in nucleotides?

nitrogenous base

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Scientific names lists:

Genus and species

35
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Act of creating mRNA from DNA

Transcription

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Energy used by a living thing acquired from:

Chemical Bonds

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Bases are produced when a solution has an excess of?

Hydroxide ions

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Lipids

Hydrophobic because it consists of hydrocarbons (nonpolar covalent bonds)

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Fatty acids consists of:

Carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

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What happens when a disaccharide is formed?

Dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides; glycosidic linkage

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What is glycogen used for?

Storage polysaccharide (polymer of sugar) in animals

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What is starch used for?

Storage polysaccharides in plants

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Most important lipids:

Phospholipids, fats, steroids

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What is Glycerol and fatty acids?

Monomer of lipids

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Saturated fatty acid

Maximum number of hydrogen atoms

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Unsaturated fatty acids

at least 1 double bond

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Polypeptides:

monomers of amino acids; proteins consist of one or more polypeptide

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What are the three classes of amino acids?

Nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged

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What is chaperonin?

protein molecules that assist folding of proteins

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Pyimadines

monomer of nucleotide; single six membered ring

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Purines

monomer of nucleic acid; have six membered ring with fused 5 ring