Chapter 5: LBM

What is a polysaccharide?

A polysaccharide is a carbohydrate composed of many sugar molecules linked together.

Polysaccharides can be broken down into what monosaccharide?

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

What is a monosaccharide?

Simplest form of a carbohydrate, made of a few simple sugars

What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms?

2:1; Hydrogen is double of carbon

What is the function of starch?

Starch serves as a storage form of energy in plants.

What is the function of cellulose?

Cellulose is structural support in the cell wall

Why do humans not use cellulose?

Humans don’t have the same enzyme linkages and enzymes to break it down

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

What role does a base sequence of bonded nucleotides provide for an organism?

It encodes genetic information essential for the organism’s functions and traits. (DNA and RNA)

What is the function of DNA

DNA encodes the genetic information essential for an organism's traits and functions.

What does RNA do?

Translates DNA into proteins, acting as messenger

Why does DNA need RNA to be functional?

RNA is essential for translating and carrying genetic information from DNA to synthesize proteins

Why are proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids considered biomolecular polymers?

They are large molecules made of repeating monomers linked together.

What is nucleic acid?

Large molecules that store and expresses genetic information in cells

What is dehydration synthesis?

Process that links any small molecules

Hydrolysis

Process that breaks up a protein into amino acids

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins; combine to form proteins

What does Dehydration synthesis produce

Water; bigger compounds to smaller that release water

What is an R group/side chain?

is a variable group attached to an amino acid that determines its properties and identity.

What is a nucleotide?

Building block of nucleic acids

How are nucleic acids and amino acids different?

Nucleic acids deal with genes and traits; Amino acids deal with building proteins

What does the primary protein structure do?

Unique sequence of amino acids

Secondary Structure

Found in most proteins; alpha helix and folds in polypeptide chain to beta pleated sheet

Tertiary Structure

Determined by interactions among R groups; yields fully folded polypeptide chain

What is a polypeptide

chain of amino acids linked together

Quaternary structure

Results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains (multiple proteins)

Why is primary structure important for protein function

Shape = function; dictates the proteins 3D shape

What is a structural protein?

A structural protein provides support and shape to cells and tissues. (ex spider silk)

What is a storage protein?

Act as reserves for amino acids; (ex. egg whites)

Why are oils generally liquid at room temp?

Double bonds between carbons (bends hydrocarbon tail)

What LBM does not contain nitrogen?

Carbohydrates

Where is molecular info represented in amino acids?

Side chains (R-group)

Where is molecular info represented in nucleotides?

nitrogenous base

Scientific names lists:

Genus and species

Act of creating mRNA from DNA

Transcription

Energy used by a living thing acquired from:

Chemical Bonds

Bases are produced when a solution has an excess of?

Hydroxide ions

Lipids

Hydrophobic because it consists of hydrocarbons (nonpolar covalent bonds)

Fatty acids consists of:

Carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

What happens when a disaccharide is formed?

Dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides; glycosidic linkage

What is glycogen used for?

Storage polysaccharide (polymer of sugar) in animals

What is starch used for?

Storage polysaccharides in plants

Most important lipids:

Phospholipids, fats, steroids

What is Glycerol and fatty acids?

Monomer of lipids

Saturated fatty acid

Maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Unsaturated fatty acids

at least 1 double bond

Polypeptides:

monomers of amino acids; proteins consist of one or more polypeptide

What are the three classes of amino acids?

Nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged

What is chaperonin?

protein molecules that assist folding of proteins

Pyimadines

monomer of nucleotide; single six membered ring

Purines

monomer of nucleic acid; have six membered ring with fused 5 ring