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What is a polysaccharide?
A polysaccharide is a carbohydrate composed of many sugar molecules linked together.
Polysaccharides can be broken down into what monosaccharide?
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
What is a monosaccharide?
Simplest form of a carbohydrate, made of a few simple sugars
What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms?
2:1; Hydrogen is double of carbon
What is the function of starch?
Starch serves as a storage form of energy in plants.
What is the function of cellulose?
Cellulose is structural support in the cell wall
Why do humans not use cellulose?
Humans don’t have the same enzyme linkages and enzymes to break it down
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
What role does a base sequence of bonded nucleotides provide for an organism?
It encodes genetic information essential for the organism’s functions and traits. (DNA and RNA)
What is the function of DNA
DNA encodes the genetic information essential for an organism's traits and functions.
What does RNA do?
Translates DNA into proteins, acting as messenger
Why does DNA need RNA to be functional?
RNA is essential for translating and carrying genetic information from DNA to synthesize proteins
Why are proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids considered biomolecular polymers?
They are large molecules made of repeating monomers linked together.
What is nucleic acid?
Large molecules that store and expresses genetic information in cells
What is dehydration synthesis?
Process that links any small molecules
Hydrolysis
Process that breaks up a protein into amino acids
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins; combine to form proteins
What does Dehydration synthesis produce
Water; bigger compounds to smaller that release water
What is an R group/side chain?
is a variable group attached to an amino acid that determines its properties and identity.
What is a nucleotide?
Building block of nucleic acids
How are nucleic acids and amino acids different?
Nucleic acids deal with genes and traits; Amino acids deal with building proteins
What does the primary protein structure do?
Unique sequence of amino acids
Secondary Structure
Found in most proteins; alpha helix and folds in polypeptide chain to beta pleated sheet
Tertiary Structure
Determined by interactions among R groups; yields fully folded polypeptide chain
What is a polypeptide
chain of amino acids linked together
Quaternary structure
Results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains (multiple proteins)
Why is primary structure important for protein function
Shape = function; dictates the proteins 3D shape
What is a structural protein?
A structural protein provides support and shape to cells and tissues. (ex spider silk)
What is a storage protein?
Act as reserves for amino acids; (ex. egg whites)
Why are oils generally liquid at room temp?
Double bonds between carbons (bends hydrocarbon tail)
What LBM does not contain nitrogen?
Carbohydrates
Where is molecular info represented in amino acids?
Side chains (R-group)
Where is molecular info represented in nucleotides?
nitrogenous base
Scientific names lists:
Genus and species
Act of creating mRNA from DNA
Transcription
Energy used by a living thing acquired from:
Chemical Bonds
Bases are produced when a solution has an excess of?
Hydroxide ions
Lipids
Hydrophobic because it consists of hydrocarbons (nonpolar covalent bonds)
Fatty acids consists of:
Carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
What happens when a disaccharide is formed?
Dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides; glycosidic linkage
What is glycogen used for?
Storage polysaccharide (polymer of sugar) in animals
What is starch used for?
Storage polysaccharides in plants
Most important lipids:
Phospholipids, fats, steroids
What is Glycerol and fatty acids?
Monomer of lipids
Saturated fatty acid
Maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated fatty acids
at least 1 double bond
Polypeptides:
monomers of amino acids; proteins consist of one or more polypeptide
What are the three classes of amino acids?
Nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged
What is chaperonin?
protein molecules that assist folding of proteins
Pyimadines
monomer of nucleotide; single six membered ring
Purines
monomer of nucleic acid; have six membered ring with fused 5 ring