units 0-3 psych final

what is classical conditioning?

learning where the learner is not active

what is behavioral perspective?

behaviors are learned responses to environmental stimuli, focusing on observable actions rather than internal thoughts

what was Ivan Pavlov’s experiment?

“Why did the dogs salivate before anything happened?” the dogs he experimented on always salivated when seeing him because they knew he was going to give them treats eventually

what was Albert Bandura’s experiment?

"Can children learn aggressive behaviors through observational learning (seeing others do it) rather than direct reinforcement?" he showed children an 'aggressive' video of a woman beating up a bobo doll, the children who saw the video were more likely to pick up weapons, cuss, and be more aggressive towards the doll than children who did not see the video (they typically did nothing major to the doll)

what was Wolfgang Kohler’s experiment?

"Do animals (and humans) learn solely through a gradual process of trial and error, or can they solve problems through a sudden understanding of the entire situation?" bananas were put up above multiple crates , how will the chimpanzees get it? chimpanzees first ran around, not knowing what to do before finally stacking the crates together to obtain the bananas.

what are the 4 steps of classical conditioning?

naturally occurring relationship → UCS pairs with UCR → association/acquisition → associative learning

what is UCS?

an unconditioned stimulus that naturally causes a response

what is UCR?

an unconditioned response to stimulus

what is NS?

neutral stimulus is anything outside the naturally occurring relationship

what is being paired in the naturally occurring relationship?

UCR and UCS

what is being paired in association/acquisition?

NS and UCS

what occurs in associative learning?

NS becomes CS and UCR becomes CR

what is the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR of this situation?

You receive shots every 3 months in doctor’s office for back pain. Your back feels better when see the nurse who gives you the shots at the grocery store.

UCS: shots UCR: 😁 NS/CS: nurse CR: 😁

what is the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR of this situation?

Lisandra goes outside to play in her tree house. A swarm of bees has nested near her house, and she gets stung several times when she climbs up the tree house, causing her much pain. This happens 3 times a week. When her father tells her to go up the treehouse, she violently cries.

UCS: bee stung UCR: pain NS/CS: tree house CR: crying

when does extinction occur?

occurs when CS is forgotten most often due to neglect

when does spontaneous recovery occur?

after a CS has been extinct, it is much more likely to be remembered quickly.

When does high-order conditioning occur?

after you have a CS, you can pair that CS with NEW NS to create a second CS

what is CS2 and NS2 in this situation? (high-order conditioning)
UCS: time to pack end of class

UCR: packing up belongings

NS1/CS1: the school bell ringing

CR: packing up belongings

backpack zipping

what is generalization?

ex.) bell ringing a few pitches louder

when a NS is similar enough to the CS to get a CR

what is discrimination?

ex.) music bell instead of typical school bell

new NS is not similar to the CS so you don’t get a CR

what is counterconditioning?

when you have a behavior that is unwanted, adding a desirable stimulus can turn the response positive

what concept aligns with this situation?
before: door bell ring → dog bark crazy

treats → happy dog

during: door bell ring + treat → happy dog

after: door bell ring → happy dog

counterconditioning

what is taste aversion? (evolutionary !)

ex.) smell/look of object/item becomes CS

after eating bad food, you become avoidant to the same thing

what is one-trial conditioning?

ex.) trauma/taste aversion

learning a CS with one instance, where a strong association forms after a single, powerful pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

why are babies more afraid of snakes than wall sockets?

biological preparedness

what is biological preparedness?

we as humans are more likely to be afraid of things that our ancestors were afraid of than new problems

what is habituation?

when you are introduced to a CS for an extended period of time without consequences, you are most likely going to ignore it

what is this concept called?
crows presented in a corn field → introduction of scarecrow → prolonged exposure to scarecrow → nothing happens → crows continue to be in the cornfield

habituation

the law of effect was created by Edward Thorndike, what was this theory about?

learning stems from consequences

operant conditioning was created by B.F. Skinner, what was this theory about?

learning where the learner is NOT passive (active)

what is reinforcement?

behavior is good and we want it to continue

is this situation PR, NR, PP, NP?

Peter keeps swearing in class, each time he does his teacher asks him to put a dime in a jar, since this policy has been implemented Peter’s swearing has slowed considerably.

NP

what is punishment?

behavior is bad and we do not want it to continue

is this situation PR, NR, PP, NP?

You get 25 cents for sleeping on time

PR

is this situation PR, NR, PP, NP?

brushing the toilet so you don’t have to wash the dishes

NR

is this situation PR, NR, PP, NP?

adding GoGuardian to ensure academic integrity

PP

what was skinner box used for?

controlled environment where Skinner studied how behaviors are shaped by reinforcement; training tool

what is primary reinforces?

things we innately (naturally) know are good

what is secondary reinforces?

something you have to learn has value

what is reinforcement discrimination?

the ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond appropriately

what is reinforcement generalization?

learning that certain stimuli is useful in a multitude of places

what is this an example of?

raising your hand

reinforcement discrimination

what is this an example of?

being kind

reinforcement generalization

what is shaping?

teaching a new behavior by rewarding small, step-by-step improvements that gradually get closer to final, desired action; building blocks

what is instinctive drift?

animals have a difficult time in learning behaviors outside of their natural instincts and will revert to natural behaviors over time

what is superstitious behavior?

an individual associates behavior with something outside that has nothing to do with it, causing them to believe that they are correlated

what is learned helplessness?

when an individual gives up or doesn’t even try a difficult task because of similar previous failures

what are aversive consequences/conditioning?

using punishment to correct a behavior

European therapists typically give alcoholics a pill and order them to drink right afterwards → pill makes them nauseous → reduction in alcohol craving and long-term abstinence

what concept aligns with this situation?

aversive consequences

what is continuous reinforcement?

every time the individual does the behavior, they get reinforced

because continuous reinforcement can be learned quickly.. what is the outcome of this?

prone to extinction

what is partial reinforcement?

sometimes when the individual does the behavior, they sometimes get reinforced

what is a ratio schedule based on?

of times they do the behavior

what is a fixed ratio?

after a set number of times we do a behavior, we get a reward

what is a variable ratio?

HIGHLY ADDICTIVE!

after a random number of a behavior is done, we get a reward

what is a fixed interval?

after a set amount of time you spend on a behavior, you get a reward

what is a variable interval?

HIGHLY ADDICTIVE!

after a random amount of time you spend on a behavior, you get a reward

what is an interval schedule?

rewarding based on how much time we spend on a behavior

is this FR, VR, FI or VI?

after completing 67 practice problems → 20 minute break

FR

is this FR, VR, FI or VI?

lottery

VR

is this FR, VR, FI or VI?

study for 2 hours → 30 min break

FI

is this FR, VR, FI or VI?

speed traps

VI

the social learning theory was created by Albert Bandura, what was the main idea?

watching other people is imperative to learning, especially for children

what is vicarious learning/conditioning?

learning by the consequences of others

the concept of insight learning was founded by Wolfgang Kohler, what is it?

suddenly knowing the answer, aha moment!

the concept of latent learning was discovered by Edward Toleman, what is it about?

learning something that does not need to be used immediately

what is this an example of?

seeing someone get a haircut you wanted but it turned out poorly → “wow i was gonna get that but never mind”

vicarious learning

what was Edward Toleman’s experiment?

“Does learning require immediate reinforcement, or can it occur internally, without an obvious change in behavior?” he timed rats to go through a maze, incentivized rats were faster than rats without. then when the disincentivized rats were incentivized, they were the fastest overall.

the concept of cognitive maps were founded by Edward Toleman, what is it about?

mental construct of problems in your mind

which concept by Edward Toleman aligns with this situation?

gps to drive to school

latent learning

which concept by Edward Toleman aligns with this situation?

mentally mapping your pathway to T hall, what is the fastest route?

cognitive maps

what is hindsight bias?

when you make an initial prediction that is later proven correct, we WILL overestimate our original assurances (i told you so!)

what do you explore in an experimental research method?

cause and effect

what are the 3 steps for conducting an experimental research?

(specifically our notes bc its typically not js these)

1.) hypothesis 2.) experimental variables 3.) population

there are 3 experimental values… what is an independent variable?

the variable that you can manipulate

there are 3 experimental values… what is a dependent variable?

the variable you can measure

there are 3 experimental values… what is a confounding variable?

the variable outside of the study that impacts it

what is a population sample?

a small group of the population (randomly selected but includes every group)

what is sampling bias?

the person conducting the study pick the people with bias

what is generalizability?

how well the findings connect the real word population

what are the main ethical guidelines for human subjects?

informed consent, freedom to withdraw, protection from harm, debriefing, confidentiality

what are the main ethical guidelines for animal subjects?

justification of research, personnel familiarity, care and housing, acquisition, experimental procedure, field research, educational use

what is an experimental group known for?

receives the independent variable

what is the control group known for?

does not receive the independent variable

what are control measures?

ex.) randomization

tools used to protect us from confounding variables

what is a single-blind study?

the participant does not know what group they are in

what is a double-blind study?

neither the participant nor the experimenter know what group the participant is in

what is a placebo?

a fake to make the participant feel like they’re apart of the experiment

what is a placebo effect?

occurs when the placebo works (confounding variable!!)

what is peer review?

when others review your work

what is replication?

when other experimenters do your study and do it in a different situation

what is operational definition?

an empirical measure of a vague term

what does qualitative research consist of?

observations; answers “why” question, observe and interpret, grouping of non-numerical common data

what does quantitative research consist of?

numbers; answers “how many” or “how much”, statistical result/analysis, measure and test

what is correlational research?

does NOT imply causation!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

comparing 2 sets of data to find their relationship

what is a descriptive research method?

observe and record behavior

what is a naturalistic observation?

observing people in their natural habitat and see what they do,

don’t get caught looking! people tend to change when knowing somebody is watching them

what are case studies?

an in-depth look at a strange phenomenon

what are advantages with surveys?

fast, broad reach, cheap

what are disadvantages with surveys?

potential bias, limited depth, need an incentive