Bio unit test 2

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

A botanist and zoologist who proposed that humans evolved from lower species through adaptations over time. he realized the connection between traits and the envonment the species lives in. theory of inherited aquired traits (giraffe and long neck from stretching) 1744-1829

Thomas Malthus

An economist whose ideas on population growth influenced Darwin's theory of natural selection. population growth will inevitably outstrip food production, leading to poverty, famine, and other societal problems unless population growth is controlled 1766-1834

Comte de Buffon

A mathematician and naturalist who hypothesized that unique wildlife species adapted to their environments over time. 1707-1788

Alfred Russel Wallace

A naturalist who independently developed the theory of natural selection around the same time as Darwin. 1823-1913

Erasmus Darwin

Charles Darwin's grandfather, who shared ideas about species change through his poetry. 1731-1802

Charles Lyell

A geologist whose theory of uniformitarianism influenced Darwin's understanding of slow, gradual changes in Earth and life. theory that allowed darwins theory to work (the earth was old) 1797-1875

James Hutton

A geologist who proposed that the same geological processes observed today were responsible for Earth's features in the past. actualism, indirectly inspired darwin from inspiring lyell about process that would prove the earth is much older than expected and give enough time for daarwins theorys to be true. 1726-1797

Georges Cuvier

A paleontologist who opposed evolution but whose ideas about extinction and species classification influenced Darwin. catastrophism and paleontology found that when something died out, something similar moved into its place. 1769-1832

Charles Darwin

Lived from 1809 to 1882. He is best known for his theory of evolution by natural selection, which he detailed in his book 'On the Origin of Species' published in 1859. He traveled on the HMS Beagle during his voyage that informed his research and ideas.

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.

Evidence for Evolution

Includes biogeography, fossils, anatomy (homologous, analogous, vestigial structures), and embryology.

Homologous Structures

Anatomical features in different species that are similar due to shared ancestry.

Analogous Structures

Features in different species that serve similar functions but evolved independently.

Vestigial Structures

Body parts that have lost their original function through evolution.

Survival of the Fittest

A term that describes the mechanism of natural selection where only the organisms best adapted to their environment survive.

Limited Resources

The idea that resources in the environment are finite, leading to competition among organisms.

Variation Among Individuals

The differences between individuals of the same species that can affect their survival and reproduction.

Adaptive Traits

Traits that give an organism an advantage in its environment, enhancing survival and reproduction.

Small Population Effect

The phenomenon where small populations are more susceptible to genetic drift and can lead to rapid evolutionary changes.

Founder Effect

The reduced genetic diversity which results when a population is founded by a small number of individuals.

Bottleneck Effect

A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events or human activities, leading to decreased genetic diversity.

Random Variability

Variations in traits that occur due to random genetic mutations.

Preferred Phenotypes

Traits that are favored by natural selection and increase the reproductive success of individuals.

Directional Selection

A type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over others.

Stabilizing Selection

A form of natural selection that favors average phenotypes and reduces variation.

Disruptive Selection

Natural selection that favors extreme values of traits over intermediate values.

Dimorphism

The occurrence of two distinct forms or morphs in the same species.

Speciation

The process through which new species arise; includes allopatric, parapatric, sympatric modes.

Prezygotic Barriers

Reproductive barriers that occur before fertilization to prevent mating or fertilization.

Geographical Isolation

Separation of populations by physical barriers such as mountains or rivers.

Temporal Isolation

Reproductive isolation that occurs when species breed at different times.

Behavioral Isolation

Differences in mating behaviors that prevent species from interbreeding.

Mechanical Isolation

Physical differences in reproductive systems that prevent mating.

Gametophytic Isolation

Incompatibility between the gametes of different species that prevents fertilization.

Natural Selection

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Directional Selection

A form of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over the mean or other extreme.

Stabilizing Selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.

Disruptive Selection

A form of natural selection that favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range.

Speciation

The process by which new and distinct species arise.

Prezygotic Barriers

Features that prevent mating or fertilization between species.

Geographical Isolation

Separation of populations due to physical barriers.

Temporal Isolation

Species breed at different times.

Behavioral Isolation

Differences in mating behaviors that prevent species from interbreeding.

Mechanical Isolation

Physical differences prevent successful mating between species.

Gametical Isolation

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species.

Dimorphism

The occurrence of two distinct forms of a species.

Parapatric Speciation

Speciation occurring when populations are partially separated and exposure to different selective pressures leads to divergence.

Sympatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs without physical separation of members of the same species.

Postzygate

Refers to the process occurring after fertilization.

Mortality

The state of being subject to death.

Nability

Refers to the capacity or ability to produce offspring.

Adaptation

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

Importance of Mass

A key factor in understanding evolution and biological processes.

Speed of Evolution

The rate at which species adapt and evolve over time.

Gradation

The process by which changes occur in a gradual manner.

Extinction

The end of an organism or group of organisms.

Punctuated Equilibrium

A theory that evolution occurs in rapid bursts followed by periods of stability.

Homologous Structures

Anatomical features in different species that are similar due to shared ancestry.

Convergent Evolution

The process whereby different species develop similar traits independently.