Ap Euro -isms

to be continued

Manorialism

Economic system where the manor was the self-sufficient agricultural unit that relied on serfs to work the land for protection and sustenance

Feudalism

System where peasants lived and worked on the land of a noble in exchange for armed protection

Conciliarism

A movement in the 14th-16th century where people believed that the supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, despite, or even if opposed by, the pope; was a response to the Great Schism

Humanism

A program of study designed by Italians’ that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding the arts

Christian Humanism

Northern Humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions

Classicalism

The portrayal of classical themes and motifs in art such as the lives and loves of pagan gods and goddesses

Mannerism

An art style where artists distorted figures, exaggerated musculature, and heightened color to express emotion and drama

Individualism

A cultural shift that emphasized human potential, moving focus from divine matters and the afterlife to human achievement, expressed through humanist philosophy and realistic, personalized art

Naturalism

A shift from idealism to realism, achieved through accurate portrayals of anatomy, linear perspective, and shading

Secularism

The shift from a God-centered worldview to one that also valued worldly life, human achievement, and classical learning; leading to more realistic art, literature, and music exploring human experience, nature, and mythology

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy

Clerical Absenteeism

The practice of church officials not being present in their assigned territories or roles, leading to neglect

Clerical Pluralism

The practice of holding more than one church office at a time

Catholicism

The faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church

Protestantism

Christian religious movement that began in northern Europe in the early 16th century as a reaction to medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices

Lutheranism

A branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther and the 16th-century movements that issued from his reforms

Anglicanism

A form of protestantism known as "Reformed Catholicism," blending Catholic heritage with Protestant Reformation insights, centered on Scripture, tradition, reason, and experience

Calvinism

A form of protestantism that emphasizes God's absolute sovereignty over all things, especially salvation; named after John Calvin

Anabaptism

A 16th-century Radical Reformation movement emphasizing adult baptism, separation of church and state, nonviolence, and discipleship, viewing faith as a conscious commitment, not inherited

Puritanism

English Protestant movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that wanted “purify” the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices and fully reform the Church to become more Protestant

Mercantilism

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on wealth, specifically its supply of gold/silver

Commercialism

The process of introducing a product or service to the market, transforming goods and services into commodities for profit; Commercial Revolution

Absolutism

A political system where a monarch holds supreme, centralized power, claiming it by divine right and ruling without significant checks from nobles or representative bodies aiming to control all aspects of the state through a bureaucracy, standing armies, and centralizing policies

Constitutionalism

A form of government in which power is limited by law and balance between authority and power of the government on the one hand and the rights and liberty of the subjects or citizens on the other hand

Republicanism

A form of government in which there’s no monarchy and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised by elected representatives

Empiricism

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation

Rationalism

A secular critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason

Cartesian Dualism

Descartes view that all reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

Deism

A philosophical belief that a supreme being created the universe but does not intervene in its affairs, emphasizing reason and natural law over revelation, miracles, or scripture; Voltaire

Skepticism

School of thought found on the doubt that absolute certainty and knowledge is unattainable

Sensationalism

The idea that all human ideas are a result of sensory impressions

Cultural Relativism

The belief that no culture is superior, just different

Rationalism

A secular critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason

Enlightened Absolutism

Coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th century monarchs, who, without renouncing their absolute authority, adopted enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance

Cameralism

View that the monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and then the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good

Economic Liberalism

A political philosophy in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument that the invisible hand of the free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor

Pietism

Protestant revival movement in early 18th century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

Jansenism

Sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope

Methodism

A Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion

Conservatism

A 19th-century political philosophy born from the French Revolution/Napoleon, emphasizing tradition, established institutions, social hierarchy, and gradual change; aimed to restore order and stability by resisting liberalism, nationalism, and radical reforms

Liberalism

The principal of ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as the freedom of press, speech, assembly, worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, wage labor, and the pursuit of profit in a competitive market

Nationalism

The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state

Socialism

A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property

Utopian Socialism

Belief held by early 19th-century idealistic socialists who proposed cooperative, communal societies to fix industrial inequality, focusing on moral reform, shared resources, and model communities instead of revolution; called utopian because their ideas were impractical

Communism

An ideology advocating for a classless society with collective ownership, rising in response to capitalism or economic liberalism

Marxism

An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for the working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state

Romanticism

Artistic movement at its height from 1790-1840s that was in part a revolt against the classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in art and personal life

Neoclassicism

An artistic movement that projected reason, order, and classical Greek/Roman ideals, featuring sharp lines, clear compositions, and moralistic historical themes

Realism

A literary movement that, in contrast to romanticism, stressed the depiction of life as it actually was

Utilitarianism

The idea of Jeremy Bentham that social policies should promote the “greatest good for the greatest number”

Imperialism

The maintaining and extending of power over foreign nations to obtain natural resources; spurred by Industrial Revolution

Social Darwinism

A body of thought drawn from the ideas of Charles Darwin that applied the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest

Feminism

A social and political movement advocating for the equality and the rights of women

Zionism

A movement dedicated to building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, started by Theodor Herzl

Revisionism

An effort made by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the time

Protectionism

Protecting a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition with tariffs, which emphasized self-centered nationalism and caused trade wars

Scientific Racism

Applying scientific principles and methods to justify racial hierarchies and discrimination

Nativism

Policies and beliefs, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants

New Imperialism

The late 19th century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad

Orientalism

A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures

War Communism

The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work

Militarism

The popular approval of military institutions and their values

Popular Nationalism

The notion that one’s country was superior to all others, driving the arms race and the struggle over colonies