AP European History Unit 2

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Johann Tetzel

1517 AD. Sold indulgences for the church. Was a very good salesmen. Big reason for why Martin Luther made 95 theses

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society.(Made Calvinism) Made Geneva into a theocracy

Zwingli

A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy.

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Elizabeth I

Queen of England, she established the Anglican Church after her sister had tried to rid England of all Protestants

95 Theses

written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant the 95 theses but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Predestination

Calvin's doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved

Phillip II

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England; he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. Extreme Catholic

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed

Battle of Lepanto

Ottoman sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope

Catherine de' Medici

Was the wife of Henry II. She acted as regent during the reign of her three weak and ineffective sons - Francis II (1559-60) Charles IX (1560-74) Henry III (1574-89).

House of Guise

The most powerful Catholic noble family in France, next to the royal Valois. This family vied for power with the Valois dynasty and the House of Bourbon throughout the French Wars of Religion, was responsible for assisting in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Militant Catholics

Henry of Navarre

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. "Paris is worth a Mass"

Louis XIII

French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572. Sparked many reactions from countries like Spain, while protestants were in fear.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Edict of Nantes (1540)

This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots

Gustavus Adolphus II

This was the king of Sweden who led a highly disciplined force into Northern Germany and turned the tide against the Hapsburgs in the 30 Years War. 1631 Battle of Breitenfeld near Leipzig. Killed in Battle of Lutzen.

Albrecht of Wallenstein

Leader of the Catholic Imperial Army during the Thirty Years' War. He was a rich and opportunistic Bohemian who seemed more interested in building an empire for himself than for aiding the Catholics. executed by Ferdinand for being untrustworthy.

King Christian IV of Denmark

Was the king of Denmark during the 30 Years War; Denmark was defeated by the Holy Roman Empire in Phase II

Bohemia

Protestant kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire where the people defied their new ruler who tried to close down Protestant churches and the location of the first phase of the Thirty Years War.

defenestration of Prague

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

battle of White Mountain

Great Catholic victory in the Bohemian phase which dealt a crushing blow to Fredrick V's power.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Baroque Art

Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious AND secular themes. Involved with ABSOLUTISM.

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings

House of Valois

French Monarchs

Most important people

Catherine De Medici (ruled behind her children)

Her children Fancis II, Charles IX, Henry III

House of Bourbon

group of nobles that were Huguenots. Ruled the southern French kingdom of Navarre. eventually rose to power.

The French War of Religion

fought between the French Catholics and French Protestants, Pitted many nobles against others in north and northwestern part of France who were Catholic.

Edict of Fantainbleu

It revoked the Edict of Nantes and gave no religious freedom for protestants

Netherlands

Very protestant region that was controlled by Spain during the France religious wars although unwillingly.

Spanish Fury and the Pacification of Ghent

Spain's forces in Spain went on a rampage in The Netherlands after not being paid. The Dutch signed the Pacification of Ghent which, among other things, demanded that all Spanish troops leave The Netherlands.

Failure of the Spanish Armada 1588

Huge armada that was destroyed by storms and the English, in the England Canal. Cause a major power vacuum in western Europe

Francis Drake/Privateer

He was a licensed pirate for Queen Elizabeth I to capture Spanish treasure ships.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Anabaptists, Munster

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Anabaptists capture the city of Munster for a short period time and made it a home for them but then got shut down by many Catholic and other Protestant armies. Leading to the death of many Anabaptists.

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation. at least couldn't deny it once it started. didn't stop reformation when it started because of war.

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church. Used the Jesuits and Council of Trent

Purgatory

A place of temporary punishment after death, has to spend 1 million years, their Christian Belief. Indulgences were bought for lessen time in purgatory.

Indulgence

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins (used to gain more wealth for the Catholic Church.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesuits, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Simony/Benefices

buying of church offices

nepotism

favoritism shown to family or friends by those in power, especially in business or hiring practices

Sola Fide

Justification by faith alone

Sola Scriptura

Belief that the Bible is the sole source of religious truth

Frederick of Saxony

This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms. He also had huge amounts of power in Holy roman Empire

Vernacular Bible

the translation of the Bible

Spanish Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Schmalkaldic League

Protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

Leo X

Pope at the start of the Protestant Reformation. Started the selling of indulgences.

Reformation Parliament

Used by Henry VIII to end pope's power in England, make him head of church and to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

Heretic

a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Sacraments

Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)

Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

Congregationalists

The more extreme Puritans who believed every congregation ought to be autonomous, a law unto itself controlled by neither bishops nor Presbyterian assemblies. England.

Presbyterians

A member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox. Calvinist

Holy Roman Empire

An empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy. Where the Reformation started. Not really united. split into independent city states.

Ferdinand

the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia, sought to suppress Protestants and to assert royal power over nobles. HRE

The Thirty year's War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

Phase One: The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

Start of 30 Years' war were Ferdinand, with the HRE, wanted to recapture lands like Bohemia for Catholicism but was met with rebellion. he gained the backing of Spain and crushed the rebellion

Phase Two: Danish Period

In this part of the Thirty Years War, the Protestant Danes were challenged by the Catholic Imperial armies (Albrecht von Wallenstein who was a mercenary) . Their success led to major Catholic victories and put the Catholic Habsburg rulers of Spain and Austria at the height of their power.

Phase Three: Swedish Period

Sweden, under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus II, took the side of the northern Protestants and joined the fight, with its army helping to push Catholic forces back and regain much of the lost territory lost by the Protestant Union. With the support of the Swedes, Protestant victories continued. execution of Wallenstein. Peace of Prague 1935 - HRE wants to stop fighting

Battle of Breitenfeld

the Protestant's first major victory of the Thirty Years war under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus

Phase Four: Swedish-French Period

No longer able to tolerate the encirclement of two major Habsburg powers on its borders, Catholic France entered the Thirty Years' War on the side of the Protestants to counter the Habsburgs and bring the war to an end. HRE decimated.

El Greco

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome. Aunt of Charles V and daughter of Ferdinand II and Isabella I of Spain.