Grade 10 Canadian History Final

Immediate cause of World War One

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Background causes of World War One

Militarism, Alliance, Imperialism, Nationalism

Militarism

Competition in military, navy, air force size.

Alliances pre-WWI

Countries were creating alliances, raising tensions. There was a need to feel equally protected and allied. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Triple Entente: Russia, Britain, France.

Imperialism

Countries competing over colonies and land in different parts of the world

Nationalism

The extreme pride of one's nation. Leading to tensions, especially among Austria-Hungarians.

Problems Canada had at the start of World War One

Ross Rifle: large, awkward gun that would jam and overheat. (Only good for snipers) Macadam's shovel: a shovel with a hole in it, to be used as a shield, however it made digging inefficient. Wool uniforms got heavy when wet and hot in extreme weather. Cardboard soles couldn't withstand the trench conditions.

Problems at Valcartier

The training facility expected 25000 soldiers but ended up taking in 32 000. The training facilities did not have enough training staff, materials, housing, showers/washrooms. The crowded facility led to spread ofdiseases and illnesses.

Importance of the battle of Ypres

This was the first time poison gas was used in battle (by the Germans). At first it was released by onto British and French troops, but they ran. The Canadians, however fought through using makeshift gas masks, winning against the Germans. This gave Canada a tough reputation at the time.

Importance of the battle of Vimy Ridge

The British and French has been trying to overtake the German-possessed ridge for months. Britain called Canada in for the job, under the guidance of General Arthur Currie. He used physics to locate and destroy their artillery. They dug holes under the ridge to the Germans, and when they attacked, they overtook the ridge in 2 days.

Canada's 100 days

It was the last 100 days of World War One. The Germans were getting tired, so our side decided to push harder to overtake them. An armistice to end fighting on November 11th, 1918, at 11am was created. Currie ordered the troops to keep fighting until the last minute, which was a controversial decision as everyone else had stopped.

The War Measures Act

An act that gave the federal government emergency powers during wartime.

How did the government raise money in World War One?

They induced patriotism of their citizens with nationalist propaganda, selling victory bonds that would be paid back after wartime, with interest. They also introduced sales tax on non-essential goods like fuel and alcohol, and later income tax

What happened to enemy aliens in Canada in World War One

Their rights were severely restricted. They had to carry ID at all times, report to authorities regularly, couldn't read or publish things in any language but French or English. Some were forced to build roads in camps. All culture was destroyed but French and English.

WWI's impact on Canadian women

They often took over the jobs of their husbands, in factories or on farms. When women got to be around others, without men around, they were able to talk about how they thought they deserved certain rights, fueling women's suffrage movements. Most women could vote by the end of the war (not Indigenous or Asian men or women)

Women's help on the battlefield WWI

They were not able to take combat roles. Many joined as nurses, drivers for the air force, and ambulance drivers.

How were Indigenous individuals who wanted to join the WWI armed forces treated?

They were not expected nor encouraged to sign up. As soldiers ran out, Indigenous men were able to enlist if they gave up their Indian Status.

How were black individuals who wanted to join the WWI armed forces treated?

When trying to enlist, many were rejected. In 1916, those who wanted to join were forced into a segregated No.2 construction battalion.

How were Asians who wanted to join the WWI armed forces treated?

They were rejected unless they could pass as white.

Technology developed to help fight World War One

Airplanes were more efficient, new wheel styles were used for tanks, submarines (U-boats), improved cargo ships, chlorine gas and gas masks

Treaty of Versailles

Germany was to blame for the war (war guilt clause). It had to pay 33B $USD. Its military was limited to 100 000, not allowed tanks, subs or planes. All German colonies were given to Britain and France (and Japan). Their landmass had shrunk by 1/3. It was not allowed to create alliances. Germany was given 24 hours to sign, or it would be invaded.

Economic conditions in Canada after World War One

Unemployment was increasing, food and fuel continued to increase in price while wages stooped low. People had a hard time surviving on their wages alone. Strikes were common, communism was rising in popularity.

How Canada escaped the economic conditions present after World War One

People began to get their money from victory bonds and began to purchase 'wants'. This led to an increase in profits and therefore an increase in wages for the working class. This is what skyrocketed the economy

Prohibition period

A period in Canada where it was illegal to buy and sell alcohol, violent crime rates climbed

Harry Low

One of the biggest smugglers to Michigan during prohibition

Hiram Walkers Distillery

Hiram Walker distillery in Walkerville, being near the border was a hotspot for smuggling. Benefitted the business and smugglers. About 80% of alcohol smuggled to the US was through Windsor.

How did Canada gain economic independence from Britain in 1920s?

America becomes its number one trading partner, it supplies pulp and paper to the US.

How did Canada gain social independence from Britain in 1920s?

British nationalism in Canada was beginning to disappear.

Branch Plants

Factories, offices, or other operations set up in Canada but owned or controlled by U.S. or other foreign companies.

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace. A hallmark of Canada's (independent) foreign policy over the century.

Statute of Westminster

Established that Britain no loner had control of its former (white) colonies. Considered Canada's declaration of independence.

Balfour Report

Report of Britain after the King-Byng Crisis, that stated Canada was independent and autonomous

Chanak Affair

British went to war against Turkey 1921, but Canada chose not to go help them, making their own decisions.

Halibut Treaty

A 1923 treaty between Canada and the U.S. to protect halibut along the Pacific Coast; the first signed without Britain.

British North America Act

Canada's first constitution - an act of the British parliament that brought the Dominion of Canada into being on July 1,1867

Alice Jamieson

The first female judge whose authority was questioned in the Lizzie Cyr Case, this brought up the issue with the BNA; the start of the persons case.

The Persons Case

Within the BNA only male pronouns and the term persons were used, insinuating only men were people.

The Famous Five

Five Albertian women who fought to have women declared "persons" under the law, with the goal appointing a woman as a senator

Cairine Wilson

In 1930 she became the first woman appointed to the Canadian Senate, just months after the Persons Case gave women the right to sit in the Senate.

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Importance of the Flapper movement

Symbolized women's growing independence, challenging traditional gender roles through fashion, behavior, and attitudes. It was a cultural shift toward greater freedom, self-expression, and social change, influencing both fashion and societal norms

The Persons Case

A court case in which the Famous Five successfully fought to have women declared "persons" under Canadian law in 1929

Edmonton Grads

Former Canadian women's basketball team. Hold North American record for best winning percentage of all time.

Bobbie Rosenfield

Canada's outstanding Female Athlete of the Half Century in 1949.

Residential Schools

Introduced to assimilate Indigenous children into superior Anglo-Christian culture. Became mandatory in the 1920s. Abuse was common.

Chinese Immigration Act of 1923

Forbade the entry for Chinese people into Canada. The law was not repealed until 1947.

Prairie conditions in the 1920s

Rural areas had no access to running water, a drought was beginning and many moved to find work.

Coal industry in the 1920s

It was suffering greatly as businesses and people began to shift to oil and electricity. 42% of the manufacturing jobs in the Maritimes were lost.

Working conditions in 1920s

Poor conditions and compensation in the working class as profits dropped for business owners, keeping company value high for shareholders. Unions formed and there were strikes everywhere, the most famous being GM, New Waterford Coal miners and Nova Scotian fishers.

General Motors workers strike

GM introduced a wage cut of 40%, then went on strike and organized into the largest federal labour union in Canada

British Homechildren

Immigrant British orphans were sent to Canada. They were placed in families to work in bad conditions and be exploited for their work.

Stock Market in the 1920s

The stocks were skyrocketing. People spent their extra money purchasing shares. As they went up in value they would sell them for profit.

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

The symbolic start of the Great Depression. It starts in NY and spreads around the world. The ten largest stocks in the Toronto stock exchange dropped at an average of $1M/min.

Buying on margin

A background cause of the GD. Too much credit buying was common especially with stocks. People were in debt, and were being fired, and couldn't pay back what they owed.

Background causes of the GD in industry

Canada's lumber, coal and wheat producers couldn't find markets. Prices for most commodities were down. Global trade was down, tariffs were rising.

Banks contribution to the GD

Banks had invested in the stock market, when banks began to fail as stocks dropped in value, people panicked and withdrew their savings. Even healthy banks failed.

Overproduction

Background cause of the GD. Companies were used to making the same amount of products as the early twenties, when by the late twenties everyone already had all the new products and demand was low.

The Dustbowl

A ten year period where North American Prairies suffered an extreme drought. This made raising crops and cattle difficult. Dust storms were a large issue, the only thing that could stop them was the wind itself.

Results of the Dustbowl

Damaged crops, infrastructure, cattle with a thick layer of dust. Locusts fed on any remaining crops. Life was unsustainable. 15 000 farms were abandoned. Many moved to the city looking for jobs that could not be found.

Unemployment in the GD

Around 30% at the start. When job competition was high, wages dropped and conditions worsened.

Bennett's original response to the GD

Close to nothing. The federal government said it was the concern of provincial governments. The provincial government said it wasn't their problem, leaving municipalities to fend for themselves.

Municipal/charity response to the GD

Set up band-aid solutions; bread lines, shelters, soup kitchens, clothing. This couldn't continue indefinitely. Municipalities rely on property tax as income and they were running out of funds. With farmers moving to the city, funds dissipated even faster.

Relief Camps

Bennett's late response to the GD. Camps set up in remote BC where single, unemployed men could work for minimal government pay. These camps offered useless jobs, poor shelter, food, and were essentially mandatory.

On-to-Ottawa Trek

A 1935 rail trip from Vancouver to Ottawa by unemployed men to protest conditions at employment relief camps. Most men were stopped in Regina. Bennett bought tickets for the leaders to meet with him in Ottawa.

Ottawa trek's leaders' meeting with Bennett

It was a disaster. Bennett essentially yelled at them and didn't allow them to voice their opinion. When word got back to Regina, riots broke out. They were handled by the RCMP. Many die, are injured and thousands of dollars in damage is done.

Cooperative Commonwealth Federation

Wanted to dismantle free enterprise and introduce socialism. They stood for government ownership of banks and transportation facilities, crop insurance for farmers, pensions for seniors and peace-driven foreign policies.

Social Credit Party

Lead by William Aberhart, his vision was to give out $25 monthly payments to Albertans, a social credit.

Union Nationale

Focused on francophone issues. Later grew to stand for higher minimum wage, Quebec hydroelectric plant, the values of the Catholic Church. They provided churches with funds to run education, healthcare and social services. Opposed unions. Supported rural farmers and international tariffs.

Communist Party

Envisioned everyone should equally share the profits of their labour.

Underdog story in sports

Was incredibly popular in the GD. People saw themselves in the athletes, it gave them much needed hope. Ex. Joe Louis, Jesse Owens, Blue Nose

Importance of entertainment in the GD

People so desperately needed a distraction from their depressing lives, any form of entertainment was incredibly valued at the time. They longed for escapism.

Dionne Quintuplets

The first set of quintuplets to survive infancy. They were born just outside of Callendar, Ontario and had immediately captured the attention of the North American People.

Dionne Quints controversy

They had been taken from their parents by the government, claiming abuse. Their parents had plans to display their premature children at the circus. When the government took them they ended up putting them on display, just in a safer manner, growing up under intense public scrutiny. When they were later returned to their parents there was ample evidence of abuse.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator, grew around the world in the 30s.

Joseph Stalin background

Got into power in 1924, creating the USSR with his communist party. He was a ruthless dictator who used violence and threats to stay in power. Millions of Soviet citizens were executed, imprisoned, deported and starved to death.

Benito Mussolini background

Started a Fascist party in Italy. He controlled a group of army veterans called the Black Shirts, they would attack any opposing parties at parades and rallies. He got into power as PM after threatening the King. He did fix their economy, provide jobs and infrastructure efficiency. However he invaded Ethiopia to expand his reign and introduced anti semetic laws in 1936.

Francisco Franco backstory

In 1936, a civil war was set off in Spain. The rebels were led by Francisco Franco. When republican forces surrendered, Franco introduced a ruthless totalitarian regime. He controlled with fear, violence and forced labour. He died in 1975.

Adolf Hitler backstory

Hitler and the Nazis win the 1932 election. The Reichstag fire happens in 1933, Hitler is given emergency powers as chancellor. He outlaws the communist party and says they are at fault. He now has majority government seats. He may now do whatever he pleases.

Militarists

Gained power in Japan in the late 20s. They start a war with China, over Manchuria and its resources.

Appeasement

Giving in to aggression in order to avoid war and conflict

Examples of appeasement

When Britain allowed Germany to annex Sudetenland at the Munich Confrence, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia and Japanese expansion into Manchuria.

Symbolic start of WWII

German invasion of Poland. They were given 24h to evacuate forces or France and Britain would be officially at war with Germany.

Why was Canada joining WWII different than WWI

This time around they were the ones making the decision to join the war effort, as an independent nation.

The Evacuation of Dunkirk

Gort was ordered to move his troops south, to join the French troops in a defensive stand. He evacuated his troops immediately, to ensure their preservation to be able to defend British soil. England sent ships to beaches, to evacuate soldiers (operation Dynamo). This saved the lives of 340 000 soldiers.

Battle of Britain

Britain stood alone in Europe against the entire German Empire and their planned invasion. The only thing stopping them was the English Channel, which they could not cross without destroying the RAF. When their plan to overwhelm them in large swarms didn't work, they resorted to bombings to break British morale, called Blitz.

British advantages in the Battle of Britain

Radar, able to recover lost planes and soldiers, defending their home.

The Blitz

German bombing of London. Led to many destroyed homes, injuries and deaths. British children were evacuated to the countryside to be kept safe.

Importance of the Battle of Britain

If the Germans had taken over Britain, they would've had ultimate European power and eventually world domination.

Battle of the Atlantic

The struggle for control of the Atlantic Ocean between the Allied forces and the Germans. Canada and the U.S. would send supplies and soldiers through this ocean to the war in Europe, Germans would try to take them down with torpedoes, in packs

Canada's role in the Battle of the Atlantic

Proven as a strong navy, destroying 33 U-boats and 42 surface craft. They grew their navy from one of the smallest to one of the largest by the end of the war, defending their cargo ships. Civilian fishermen chipped in with their boats and skill as well.

Dieppe Raid

Trial raid by Canadian troops against Germany's occupation of Dieppe; Canada suffered heavy losses

Why the Dieppe Raid was destined for failure

They had unrealistic objectives relative to soldier numbers, they were unexperienced, the beach terrain was rough and rocky

Battle of Hong Kong

The Battle of Hong Kong a mission anticipated to be failed. Britain asked Canada to help in defending their colony that would likely be unsuccessful, the Japanese were too strong and brutal for the number of defensive soldiers sent.

BCATP

The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan was a program where Canada trained airmen from the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. It helped produce over 130,000 trained aircrew members.

Camp X

A secret training facility in Ontario, during WWII, where Allied spies and special forces were trained in espionage, sabotage, and other covert operations. It played a crucial role in the intelligence efforts of the British and Canadian governments.

Normandy Landings

6 June 1944, Allies invade Normandy on 5 different beaches; Utah, Omaha, Juno (CANADA), Gold and Sword. Capturing the surrounding beaches would begin the freeing of the captured nations, knowing this, the Germans fought with desperation.

Canadas role at Normandy

At Juno beach they had made the furthest advancement by the end of the first day.

Cinderella Army

Canadas nickname during WWII. They had completed many important tasks in the war yet were rarely recognized. Ex. BCATP, shot down V1 rockets at launch sites, took control of Scheldt Estuary, overtook guns of Bologne etc.

Hunger Winter

The German-induced famine in the Netherlands during the winter of 1944-45. Canadians bravely flew into the German-occupied land, weaponless, dropping packages of food for the Dutch. They thank Canada to this day by sending thousands of tulips.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. .