Nutrition test 3

sodium

main extracellular ion

potassium

main intracellular ion

hypothalamus

brain region responsible for thirst

ADH

causes kidneys to retain water, increases BV

renin

enzyme released when the kidneys detect low BP

Angiotensin II

vasoconstrictor, causes aldosterone release

aldosterone

causes Na retention, BV increase

obligatory water loss

minimal amount of water that must be excreted in the urine daily to rid the body of waste products

dehydration

excessive water loss

water intoxication

too much volume too quickly can cause hyponatremia and lead to brain edema

acidosis

blood pH less than 7.35

alkalosis

blood pH greater than 7.45

hypotonic solution

lower solute concentration compared to inside of the cell

water moves inside, cell swells

hypertonic solution

higher solute concentration compared to the inside of the cell

water moves outside, cell shrinks

quercitin

phytochemical with antiviral and anticancer properties

resveratrol

phytochemicla that prevents heart disease

lycopene

phytochemical that prevents prostate cancer

placenta

baby and mom’s blood vessels are together for the exchange of nutrients

zygote

product of fertilization

blastocyst

implants/attaches to uterine wall to allow for pregnancy

gestation

time from conception to birth

300

extra calories required for pregnancy

25

extra protein required for pregnancy

folate, B12, iron

vitamins that have a higher RDA when you are pregnant

teratogens

cause birth defects

mercury

reason for pregnant people to avoid fish

listeriosis

reason for pregnant people to avoid deli meat

lactation

milk production

immunological protection

what is included in breast milk that is not present in formula

colostrum

antibody rich solution at the beginning of milk production

500

extra calories needed when breastfeeding

food intolerance

adverse reaction that doesn’t involve an immune response

milk, eggs, peanuts

3 foods people are commonly allergic to

vitamin A

found in orange and yellow veggies and leafy greens

retinol

form of vitamin A used for reproduction

retinal

form of vitamin A for vision

retinoic acid

form of vitamin A that regulates growth

night blindness

effect of a vitamin A deficiency

xerophthalmia

blindness due to a vitamin A deficiency

vitamin A

vitamin that causes yellow skin and birth defects when in toxic levels

A and E

vitamins that are antioxidants

vitamin D

vitamin found in milk and can be made by skin

vitamin D

vitamin responsible for calcium absorption and bone formation and growth

rickets and osteoporosis

deficiency in vitamin D

kidney stones

toxic levels of vitamin D could cause this

vitamin E

vitamin found in vegetable oil, seeds, and nuts

vitamin E

vitamin that protects against heart disease and cancer

vitamin K

vitamin that is found in leafy greens and is made by bacteria in the gut

blood clotting

main role of vitamin K

vitamin K

vitamin given in a shot to newborns to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

sodium

major mineral found in table salt and processed foods

chloride

mineral found in stomach acid

potassium

mineral found in fruits and veggies

calcium

mineral found in milk and milk products

calcium

most abundant mineral

bone and muscle health

role of calcium

hypocalcemia

stunted growth

tetany

muscle cramps

kidney stones

risk of toxic calcium

protein rich foods

source of phophorus

nuts, whole grains

sources of magnesium

phosphorus

mineral responsible for bone health and nucleic acids

magnesium

mineral responsible for enzyme activity and muscle health, protects against hypertension

sulfur

enzyme found in protein and insulin

heme

animal iron

iron

mineral found in enriched grain products, red meat, and eggs

anemia

iron deficiency

hemochromatosis

genetic iron toxicity

zinc

mineral found in protein rich foods like oysters, beef and poultry

zinc

mineral responsible for enzyme activity, immune health, and growth and development

iodine

mineral found in table salt and seafood

thyroid

hormone made by iodine

goiter

enlarged thyroid

fluoride

mineral found in H2O

fluoride

mineral responsible for bone and tooth health

chromium

mineral responsible for carb and lipid metabolism and insulin response

selenium

antioxidant mineral