HPNU 2050: Exam #3 Review

What are the Fat Soluble Vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E, K

True or False:
Fat Soluble Vitamins can be Stored in the Body in Large Amounts

True

What is the RDA for Vitamin A?

900 mcg/day for men
700 mcg/day for women

What is the Upper Limit for Vitamin A?

3000 mcg/day

What are the Two Types of Vitamin A?

Retinoids
Carotenoids

What are Retinoids?

Biologically Active Form of Vitamin A
Preformed Vitamin A

What are Carotenoids?

Provitamin A that is responsible for the Yellow and Orange Pigment of Fruit

Which Carotenoid provides the Greatest Amount of Provitamin A?

Beta-Carotene

Where are Retinoids found in?

Beef Liver
Fish
Fish Oils
Eggs
Fortified Milks
Margarine

Where is Beta-Carotene found in?

Dark Green Vegetable, such as Spinach and Broccoli

Yellow-Orange Fruits and Vegetables, such as Sweet Potatoes, Peppers, Carrots, Squash, Mangos, Peaches, and Apricots

How much Retinol is Absorbed?

90% in the Small Intestine

How Much of Carotenoids are Absorbed?

5-60% in the Small Intestine

Where is Vitamin A Stored?

Liver

How is Vitamin A Transported?

Via the Blood by Binding to Retinol-Binding Proteins and Transthyretin

True or False:
Vitamin A is Readily Excreted

False

How is Vitamin A Excreted?

Urine

What are the Functions of Retinoids in the Body?

Growth and Development
Cell Differentiation
Vision - Retinas need Retinal
Immune Function
Used as Analogs in Dermatology

What are the Functions of Carotenoids in the Body?

Can be Converted to Vitamin A
Beta-Carotenes may act as Antioxidants

What can Vitamin A Deficiency Lead to?

Xerophthalmia, which can lead to Blindness
Night Blindness

What is Vitamin A Toxicity Called?

Hypervitaminosis A

What is the RDA of Vitamin E?

15 mg/day

What is the Upper Limit of Vitamin E?

1000 mg/day

Where is Vitamin E Found in?

Plant Oils
Wheat Germ
Avocado
Almond & Almond Butter
Peanuts & Peanut Butter
Sunflower Seeds

What is the most Active Form of Vitamin E?

Alpha-Tocopherol

How much Vitamin E is Absorbed in the Body?

20-70%

Where is Vitamin E Stored?

Adipose Tissue

How is Vitamin E Excreted?

Feces
Urine
Skin

What is Vitamin E's Function?

- Important part of Body's Antioxidant Network
- Helps Prevent Damage to Cell

What are Symptoms of Vitamin E Deficiency?

- Hemolysis - Premature Breakdown of Red Blood Cells
- Impaired Immune Function
- Neurological Changes in Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System

What can Vitamin E Toxicity do?

Can Interfere with Vitamin K's Role in Blood Clotting

What is the AI of Vitamin K?

120 mcg/day for Males
90 mcg/day for Females

What is the Family of Compounds that make up Vitamin K Called?

Quinones

What are the 2 Forms of Quinones?

Phylloquinones - From Plants
Menaquinones - From Animals

What is Phylloquinone also known as?

Vitamin K1

Where can Phylloquinone be Found?

Leafy Green Vegetables
Broccoli
Peas
Green Beans
Vegetable Oils

What is Menaquinone also known as?

Vitamin K2

Where can Menaquinone be Found?

Fish Oils
Meats

What is the Synthetic Form of Vitamin K called?

Menadione

How much Vitamin K is Absorbed in the body?

80%

How is Vitamin K Excreted?

Feces

What are the Functions of Vitamin K?

Bone Metabolism
Blood Clotting

What can Vitamin K Deficiency result in?

Poor Clot Formation
Hemorrhaging

What is the RDA for Vitamin D?

600 IU/day
800 IU/day after age 70

What is the Upper Limit of Vitamin D?

4,000 IU/day

What are 2 Major Forms of Vitamin D?

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)

True or False:
Vitamin D is classified as a Prohormone

True

What is the Preferred Form of Vitamin D?

Vitamin D3

Where is Vitamin D3 Synthesized?

Skin Cells

Where is Vitamin D3 found in?

Animal Food Sources

Where Vitamin D2 found in?

Plant and Fungi Food Sources
Fortified Foods

What are some Food Sources of Vitamin D?

Fatty Fish
Cod Liver Oil
Canned Tuna and Sardines
Wild Mushrooms
Fortified Milks, Juices, and Cereals

Where do we get most of our Vitamin D from?

Sunlight

How much Vitamin D is Absorbed in the SI?

80%

How is Vitamin D synthesized in the Skin?

UVB Light Transforms 7-dehyrocholesterol to Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

What is the Bioactive Form of Vitamin D3 called?

Calcitriol

Where is Vitamin D stored?

Fat and Muscle Cells

How is Vitamin D Excreted?

Feces

What are the Functions of Vitamin D?

Bone Metabolism
Calcium Homeostasis

Helps Regulate:
- Immune Function
- Secretion of Hormones
- Cell Cycle

Decrease Risk of:
- Infections
- Autoimmune Diseases
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Dementia
- Cancer

What is Vitamin D Deficiency in Children called?

Rickets

What does Rickets cause?

Causes Bones to become Weak and Bow Under Pressure

What is Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults called?

Osteomalacia

What does Osteomalacia cause?

Causes Bones to become Weak and often Results in Fractures

What can Vitamin D Toxicity cause?

Excess Blood Calcium
Deposits of Calcium in Kidneys, Heart, and Lungs
Anorexia
Nausea and Vomiting
Bone Demineralization
Weakness
Joint Pain
Kidney Dysfunction
Death

True or False:
Minerals are Readily Excreted

True

What Substances in Food can Inhibit the Absorption of Minerals?

Phytic Acid/Phytates
Oxalic Acid/Oxalates
Polyphenols (Tannins)

Where can Phytates be found?

Wheat Grain
Legumes
Unleavened Breads

Where can Oxalates be found?

Leafy Green Plants, such as Spinach

Where can Tannins be found?

Tea
Dark Chocolate
Wine

What Vitamins can Improve Mineral Absorption?

- Vitamin C - Improves Iron Absorption
- Vitamin D - Improves Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Absorption

What Minerals are a Public Health Concern in the US?

Calcium
Potassium
Iron

What is the Upper Limit of Sodium?

2300 mg/day

Where can Sodium be found?

Salt
Processed Food

What are some Functions of Sodium?

- Helps Absorb Glucose and Some Amino Acids
- Required for Normal Nerve and Muscle Function
- Aids in Water Balance

What is Hyponatremia?

Sodium Deficiency that can lead to Headaches, Nausea, Vomiting, Fatigue, Muscle Cramps, and potentially Seizures, Comas, or Death

Where is Sodium absorbed?

Small and Large Intestine

Excess Sodium Leads to Increased Risk of

Hypertension
Heart Disease
Stroke

True or False:
Excess Sodium Increases Calcium Excretion

True

What are some Food Sources of Potassium?

Unprocessed foods, such as:
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Meats
- Dairy
- Grain
- Coffee
- Tea

What are the Functions of Potassium?

Fluid Balance
Nerve Transmission
Muscle Contraction

What is Hypokalemia?

Deficiency of Potassium that can Lead to Weakness, Fatigue, Constipation, Increased Blood Pressure, Stroke, Kidney Stones and Blood Loss

What is Hyperkalemia?

Excess Potassium that can Lead to Irregular Heartbeats, Cardiac Arrest, and Intestinal Upset

Where is Chloride found?

Salt
Olives
Seaweed
Rye

What are the Functions of Chloride?

- Component of HCl in Stomach
- Used during Immune Responses
- Helps Maintain Acid-Base Balance and Helps Dispose of CO2
- Works with Sodium to Maintain ECF Volume and Aid in Nerve Transmission

Where is Sulfur found?

Protein Foods

What is Sulfur Required for?

- Synthesis of Sulfur-containing Compounds
- Stabilization of Protein Structures
- Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Where can Calcium be found?

Dairy Products
Leafy Greens
Almonds
Fortified Juices and Cereals

True or False:
Some foods may have better absorption rates but provide less total Ca per serving

True

What Enhances Calcium Absorption?

Vitamin D
Periods of Growth
Stomach Acid

What Reduces Calcium Absorption?

Phytates
Oxalates
Chronic Diarrhea
Reduced Secretion of Stomach Acid
Phosphorous
Polyphenols

Where is Calcium Stored?

Bones and Teeth

What are the Functions of Calcium?

Blood Clotting
Transmission of Nerve Impulses
Muscle Contraction
Cell Metabolism

What can Calcium Deficiency lead to?

Osteoporosis

What is Osteoporosis?

Thinning and Weaking of Bones due to Loss of Calcium Stores

How can Osteoporosis be Prevented?

- Weight Bearing Exercise
- Diets with Adequate Calcium, Vitamin D, Magnesium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Vitamin K, and Protein

What can Excess Calcium lead to?

Irritability
Headaches
Kidney Failure
Decreased Absorption of Other Minerals

What age do we Reach Peak Bone Mass?

30 years old

What is Bone Resorption?

Bone Breakdown/Demineralization

What is Bone Formation?

Mineralization/Building of New Bone

If Bone Resorption is Greater than Bone Formation, then

Bone Strength will be Compromised

Where can Phosphorus be found?

Milk
Cheese
Meat
Bakery Products
Cereal
Soft Drinks
Food Additives