ap us government quiz 1.3+1.4

Factors influencing voter participation include

• socioeconomic status (income, education level)

• Age

• Race and ethnicity

• Party identification

• Civic duty and political engagement

• State-specific laws (voter ID laws, registration deadlines)

Convenience of voting (absentee ballots, early voting)

15th Amendment

Prohibited voting discrimination based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

 23rd Amendment

Gave residents of Washington, D.C. the right to vote in presidential elections.

24th Amendment

Abolished poll taxes, which had been used to restrict voting in states.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age to 18.

absentee voting

Voting by individuals who are unable to go to polling places on Election Day, often by mail.

gender gap

The difference in voting behavior between men and women, typically showing women supporting Democratic candidates more than men.

grandfather clause

a provision in late 19th-century Southern states that allowed illiterate and poor white men to vote, exempting them from literacy tests or poll taxes if their father or grandfather had been able to vote before the Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans.

literacy tests

Tests designed to disenfranchise voters, especially African Americans, by requiring literacy to vote.

motor voter laws

Laws that allow citizens to register to vote when they obtain or renew a driver's license.

poll tax

A tax required to vote, historically used to disenfranchise poor and African American voters.

What is the difference between registered and eligible voters?

Eligible voters are those who meet the legal criteria to vote, while registered voters have completed the necessary paperwork to vote in elections.

What was the "Solid South"?

The political dominance of the Democratic Party in the southern U.S. post-Civil War until the mid-20th century.

universal manhood suffrage

The right for all adult men to vote, regardless of property ownership or income.

Generational effect

The impact of historical events on the political attitudes and behaviors of a particular generation.

How is public opinion scientifically measured?

Public opinion is scientifically measured through polling methods that use random sampling to ensure that the sample represents the larger population.

poll

A survey of public opinion to measure individuals' attitudes or opinions about political issues or candidates.

What are exit polls and entrance polls?

Exit polls are conducted immediately after voters cast their ballots, while entrance polls are conducted before voters vote.

 benchmark poll

An initial poll conducted to gather information about public opinion at the start of a political campaign.

 tracking poll

A poll conducted repeatedly over time to track changes in public opinion.

focus group

A small, diverse group of people whose reactions to candidates, issues, or policies are studied to gain insights into broader public opinion.

Gallup Poll

A well-known public opinion polling organization, often used as a measure of public opinion in the U.S.

push polling

A type of polling that uses leading or biased questions to influence voters' opinions rather than measure them.

random sampling

A method of polling where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

representative sampling

A polling method where the sample is designed to reflect the demographics of the population being studied.

referendum

A direct vote by the electorate on a specific issue, law, or amendment.

sampling error

The degree to which the results of a poll may differ from the true population due to the nature of sampling.

straw poll

An informal poll or survey used to gauge public opinion, but not scientifically accurate.

cross-cutting cleavages

Refer’s to divisions in a society that do not align with each other. These divisions can be based on factors such as religion, ethnicity.

Delegate Model

The view that an elected representative should represent the opinions of his or her constituents.

Trustee Model

A model of representation where elected officials use their own judgment to make decisions, even if it goes against public opinion.

Politico Model

theory of legislative behavior that combines aspects of both the delegate and trustee models, suggesting that lawmakers act as delegates on highly public issues while taking on the role of trustees on more complex or less visible matters.