Bio Anthro Exam 2 part 2

Pre- Cambrian

• oldest

• first fossil appears

• Apperence of pro and eukartoic cells

Paleozoic

• Invertebrates → fish → jawed fish → amphibians → reptiles

Mesozoic

• Great age of dinosaurs

• egg-laying mammals appear

• dinos appear

• placental and marsupial mammals appear

Cenozoic

• Age of mammals

  • divided into epochs

7 Epochs

Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene

Pandas Eat Orange Mac&Cheese, Mostly Picture Perfect H

Adaptive Radiation

the rapid diversification of a single ancestral lineage into numerous new species, each uniquely adapted to their specific niches

Identification of Primates in fossil records

1. post orbital bar/closure

2. heterdont teeth

3. feet- nails, prehansile

4. huge brain

5. ears- audistory bone formed by petrosal bone

Post-orbital bar, who?

bar of bone sitting behind eye

• lemur (straspirrhines)

Post-orbital closure, who?

The bone fully encloses our eye

• all haplorhines (monkeys, apes, hominoids)

3 primate adaptation theorys

1. Arboreal Hyphothesis

2. Visual Predation

3. Rise of Angiospremes

Arboreal Hyphothesis

swinging and living in treesm opposiable thumbs, depth perception (brachiation)

Visual Predation

color vision, depth perception, agilty, being good predators

Rise of Angiosperms

idea that we were created when fruit was becasus we know a lot about it.

• not belivable

Paleocene (top)

Order: Plesiadapiforms

• may be the ancestor of all extant primates.

  • had petrosal bulla BUT has claws, weird teeth, no post-orbital bar

Eocene, 3 types

Euprimates = true primates

Family: Omomyidae → ancestral to Tarsiers

Family: Adapidae → ancestral to lemurs, anthropoids?

Basal Anthropoids → ancestral to anthropoids

Oligocene, 3 groups?

Oligopithecids, Parapithecids, Propliopithecids

• diversification of primates

• Many were found in El Fayum in Egypt

Oligopithecids, ?

oldest, dont know anything

Parapithecids

• small bodies

• primative teeth (2.1.3.3- new world monkeys)

Propliopithecids

Genus: Aegyptopithecus

• Likely ancestor to Catarrhines

• Sexual Dimorphism (canines/body size)

• 2.1.2.3 links new world monkeys to old world (oligocene to miocene)

Branisella

• oligocene new wolrd primate

• 2.1.3.3

Miocene

• Golden age of Hominoids

• primates crossing oceans

• Hominoids emerge and dominate!

  • apes : monkeys = 20 : 1

• many species of apes, mostly with large bodies

Miocene Monkey

Family: Victoriapithecus

• post orbital closure

• Bilophodont molars = monkey

African Forms

Proconsulids → best case for ancestral to all hominiods

• 2.1.2.3, Y-5 molar

• range of body sizes

• likley arboreal quadruped

European Forms

Genus: Dryopithecus

• frugivores

• larger brains

Genus: Oreopithecus

• italy

• folivores

• meduim size

• brachiator

Asian Forms (1)

Genus: Sivapithecus

• VERY similar to orangutans

  • best example of an extinct Miocene connection with living hominoid

Asian Forms (2)

Genus: Gigantopithecus

• 1000 pounds, largest primate

• diet of leaves, fruit, and nuts

How far back to humans and chimpls connect?

split 6-7 mya

Hominid VS Hominin

Hominid – great ape ancestors

Hominin – human ancestors