U1 APUSH 1.1-1.3 "Pre-Columbian Exchange Societies & Contextualizing the Columbian Exchange" Review (Vocab, events, etc.)

U1 APUSH 1.1-1.3 "Pre-Columbian Exchange Societies" Review (Vocab, events, etc.)

(1.1) What was a primary cause of cultural and societal variation in Native American societies? What is an important example of such?

Environmental factors (ie climate and food availability); availability of corn greater in south and central America (though several North American societies did have access to them), irrigation used in dry lands

(1.1) What economically motivated westward exploration from Europe?

1. Ottomans seize Constantinople and block access to eastward routes to Asia for trade; expense and time-consumption of eastward routes make Europeans look westward.

2. Fierce economic competition was growing in Europe.

(1.1) What permitted westward overseas travel?

Maritime innovation: compass, cartography, ship improvements, gunpowder

(1.1) What was a non-economic motive for westward exploration?

Desire to spread Christianity: Protestant Reformation creates conflicts between Catholics and Protestants; people seek to spread their own version of Christianity outside of Europe

(1.2) Who were the three primary civilizations and cultures of central and south America that existed before the arrival of Europeans?

Mayas, Aztecs (occupied Central America where Mayas resided centuries later), Incas

(1.2) Why could central and South Americans regularly create large cities unlike many North Americans?

Corn cultivation helped mitigate the need to regularly seek food; people could focus on other endeavors instead. North Americans who did have access to corn had a stable food supply and would settle in one place permanently

(1.2) How did American and European languages differ?

Variability: Native Americans had roughly 20 language families, while Europeans had only one. This helped solidify individuality and unique cultures unlike in Europe.

(1.2) Where and how did the Hohokam, Anasazi, and Pueblo people live?

Southwest North America in caves, under cliffs, or multistoried buildings; were able to cultivate corn/maize

(1.2) Who occupied the Great Plains/Basin region?

Small nomadic tribes who utilized tepees and earthen lodges; hunted buffalo; migration, merging, and separation of tribes was common

(1.2) Describe life and environment in the Northwest settlements of North America

Permanent longhouses or plank houses; fished, hunted, gathered; totem poles; mountainous regions isolate tribes

(1.2) Who occupied the Mississippi River Valley and how did they live?

Woodland American Indians hunt, gather, and practice agriculture; earthen mounds; city/settlement of Cahokia has 30,000 inhabitants

(1.2) Who constituted the Iroquois Confederation and why?

Northeast North America; Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, Tuscaroras; were military allies until American Revolution

(1.2) Who was a group that occupied Northeast North America?

Descendants of Adena-Hopewell; hunted, fished, practiced agriculture; exhausted soil often and had to move to fresh land

(1.2) Who occupied the Atlantic Seaboard of North America?

People of Coastal plains (ex Cherokee, Lumbee) who received food from rivers and oceans; descendants of woodland mound builders made wooden lodgings along rivers

(1.2) Describe the importance of the city of Tenochtitlan.

Tenochtitlan was the Aztec capital. Its vast population, comparable with some European cities, was a testament to the complexity and advancement of native American society.

(1.3) Who visited the Americas before the Spanish/Portuguese and what was their impact?

Vikings; no notable long-term effect

(1.3) Who was the first to sail westward to the Americas with a notable impact and why?

Columbus was funded by Isabell and Ferdinand who unified Spain by uniting their respective kingdoms

(1.3) Where did Portugal initially explore? Who led the expeditions?

Prince Henry the Navigator led expeditions along the coast of Africa in search of India

(1.3) Who began the slave trade, when did it begin, and why?

Portuguese begin West African slave trade in the 15th century as a consequence of their maritime exploration. It was used for labor in sugar plantations for profit. This system inspired a similar one in the Americas, contributing to the rise of the transatlantic slave trade

(1.3) Which nations were developing/arising in Europe at this time? Why?

Multiethnic empires (ex Roman Empire) break up, small kingdoms unite; France, England, Portugal, Spain, Netherlands become notable nation-states

(1.3) How were land claims between Portugal and Spain settled?

Pope creates “line of demarcation”; Spain gets west of line, Portugal gets east of it

(1.3) How did Portugal gain some land in Brazil?

Treaty of Tordesillas: line of demarcation shifted slightly westward

(1.3) When did the English take interest in American land claims?

English take interest in 16th century under Queen Elizabeth I once the fallout of Henry VIII’s breaking up of Roman Catholic Church no longer interferes with their motives

(1.3) Where and when did the French take interest in the Americas?

After internal Protestant vs Catholic conflicts settled, French took interest in North America in 1600s