Functions of nervous system

Cortex

unmyelinated nerve cell process in outer layer of brain

White matter

mylinated axons in the inner layer of brain

Frontal lobe

consists of motor speech area and primary motor cortex

Parietal lobe

Consists of primary somatosensory cortex

Temporal lobe

Consists of primary auditory cortex and primary olfactory cortex

Occipital lobe

consists of primary visual cortex

Pineal gland

produces melatonin

Pituitary gland

produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones

Thalamus

relay point and processing center for all sensory impulses

Hypothalamus

autonomic nervous system control center and endocrine control center (body temp, water and electrolyte balance, hunger/food intake, circadian cycles, emotional behavior)

Midbrain

control visual and auditory reflex centers

Cerebral peduncles

conduct nerve impulses between cerebrum and brainstem. Motor neurons only

Cerebellum

coordinate and fine tune skeletal muscle movements, maintain balance and posture, and assist with regulation of behavior expression, cognitive skills, and language retrieval

Pons

consists of pontine respiratory center that helps control rate and depth of breathing

medulla oblongata

autonomic nervous system center; such as cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center

posterior roots

axons of sensory neurons in spine

anterior roots

axons of motor neurons

posterior root ganglion

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons 

anterior horns

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

posterior horns

interneurons and axons of sensory neurons

olfactory nerve

transmit smell sensory info to temporal lobe

optic nerve

transmit visual info to occipital lobe

oculomotor nerve

controls medial rectus, superior and inferior rectus muscle, and inferior oblique. constricts pupil and changes lens shape

trochlear nerve

innervates superior oblique

Trigeminal nerve

sensory info from anterior part of scalp, face, nasal and oral cavity, teeth, and cranial meninges and controls muscles of mastication

Abducens nerve

innervates lateral rectus

Facial nerve

controls sense of anterior 2/3 of tongue, innervates muscles of facial expression, and glands of head

Vestibulocochlear nerve

conducts equilibrium info to cerebellum and auditory info to temporal lobe

Glossopharyngeal nerve

controls sensory info of posterior 1/3 of tongue and posterior throat. innervates pharynx muscle and secretion of parotid gland

Vagus nerve

Controls sensory info from larynx and innervates pharynx and larynx muscles and muscles and glands of thoracic and abdominal organs

Accessory nerve

innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

Hypoglossal nerve

innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

Phrenic nerve

provides motor innervation to the diaphragm

Musculocutaneous nerve

controls most muscles of anterior compartment of arm

Radial nerve

controls muscles of posterior arm and forearm

Median nerve

controls most anterior forearm muscles and thenar and lumbricals

Ulnar nerve

controls medial anterior forearm, hypothenar, and lumbricals

Femoral nerve

controls anterior thigh muscles

tibial nerve

controls posterior thigh and leg muscles

Common fibular nerve

control anterior leg muscles and lateral leg muscles

medial rectus

moves eye medially

lateral rectus

moves eye laterally

superior rectus

elevates eye and moves it medially

inferior rectus

depresses eye and moves it medially

superior oblique

depresses eye and moves it laterally

inferior oblique

elevates eye and moves it laterally

cornea

refracts light rays into eye

retina

contains receptors for vision

blind spot

site where blood vessels and optic nerve enter and leave the eye

Auricle

collects sound waves and directs them into external acoustic meatus

External acoustic meatus

directs sound waves to tympanic membrane

tympanic membrane

vibrate auditory ossicles when sound vibrate tympanic membrane

Auditory tube

equalizes air pressure in the middle ear

Cochlea

converts sound vibrations into electoral signals that the brain can processes