Organizational management test 1

Organizational Behavior

a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving human behavior in organizations

Resource Based View of the Firm

companies can't buy strong history, many little decisions are more difficult to copy than big ones, complex resources (culture) hard to create

The Rule of 1/8

1/2 of companies believe in a connection between OB practice and profit, 1/2 of those companies implement a comprehensive approach, 1/2 of those persist long enough to see profit= 1/8 of companies successfully use OB

How do we know things?

scientific method

theory building

theory testing

reliability

validity

correlations

Methods of Knowing: Experience

consistent with own experience

Methods of Knowing: intuition

seems obvious or self evident

Methods of Knowing: authority

respected sources said so

Methods of Knowing: science

scientific studies have replicated the result

Methods of Knowing: "what are the benefits of science, relative to the other three?"

n/a

Organic Food

not healthier, not safer, higher greenhouse has emissions

Scientific Method

scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical, amoral, public, and critical investigation of natural phenomena. It is guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena.

What is the goal of science?

establish a relationship between two or more variables

How do we "know"? Scientific Method

Theory->hypotheses->data-> verification->(repeat)

What is a theory?

A collection of assertions that specify how, why, and when variables are related.

How do we build theories? 3 things

Interviews, Observation, Introspection

Example of theory (hypotheses phase)

"satisfaction with ones supervisor is positively correlated to employee job performance"

Hypothesis measures (data phase)

scales, behavior observations, organizational records

What is reliability?

degree to which a measure is free from random error

what are sources of random error? (4)

interviews, tests, surveys, references

how is reliability calculated?

correlating measurement repetitions

Why might reliability matter for reliability?

measures must be reliable to be valid

Reliability vs Validity (target)

all in top right= reliable not valid

all over= valid not reliable

all over top half= neither reliable nor valid

center= reliable and valid

reliability

"how compact is the spread?"

validity

"is the spread compact and on target?"

Correlation

index of the relationship between two variable

perfect positive relationship

1

perfect negative relationship

-1

r=.5

strong

r=.3

moderate

r=.1

weak

Sampling error

sample size goes up= sampling error goes down

how do we construct confidence intervals?

use sample size (n) to contract confidence intervals around the correlation

confidence interval formula

ci=r+/- (1.5x 1/sqrt(n))

r =.2

n=30

-.07 to .47

3 things prove causality

covariation, temporal precedence, elimination of alternative explanations

Effects of Job Satisfaction on Performance and commitment

last slide 1b

How do we identify relevant behaviors?

job analysis

job anaylsis

divide job into 4 dimensions

list 2 key task within each of those major dimensions

rate the task of frequency and importance

use most frequent and important tasks to create job description

job analysis 4

1. generate a list of general job dimensions

2. come up with specific tasks within those

3. rate fréquencey and importance

4. use most critical taks to define "task performance"

Task Perfomance

the behaviors directly involved in transforming organizational resources into the goods or services an organization produces

task performance mix (3)

routine rask perfomance- normal and preditable

adaptive taks perfomrmance- novel and unporedicatible

creative task performance-...

what is creative task performance?

the degree to which individuals develop ideas or products that are both novel and useful

3 aspects job performance

task performance

citizenship behavior

conter productive behavior

what is citizenship behavior?

voluntary activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the quality of the setting where work occurs slide 20 chapter 2

Voice

speaking up and offering constructive suggestions for cjhange

civic virtue

participation in the company operations at a deeper than normal level by attending voluntary meetings....

boosterism

representing the organization in a positive way when out in public

helping

assisting co workers with heavy load

courtest

keeping co workers informed about matters relevant to them

sportsmanship

maintaining a good attitude with co workers

Counterproductive behavior

employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishments (slide 26 ch 2)

are these all exampels of the same general begavior pattern? if you do one, are you likely to do most others as well?

people who engage in one form of counterproductive behaviors also engage in others

how does counterproductive behavior relate to task performance and citizenship behavior?

strong negative correlation with citizenship behavior

weak negative correlation with task performance

Organizational Commitment

a desire on the part of an employee to remain a memeber of an organizations

forms of organizational commitment (3)

affective

continuance

normative

Affective commitment

a desire on the part of an emplotee to remain a member of an organization because of an emotional attachment to, or inovlvment in, that organziation. stay because want to

Continuance Commitment

desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of an organation because of an aweareness of the cost associated with leaving

stay because need to

embededness

work and non work forces that bind us to our jobs : links, fit, sacrifice

normative commitment

a desire on the part of the employee to remain a member of an organization because of a feeling of obligation. stay becuase you ought to

Organizational Commitment Model

slide 13 chapter 3

slide 14 ch 3

fill out

Are employees today less loyal than 10 years ago?

Yes 63% said so

will you change employers in the next 5 years?

Yes50% said so

Why care about OC?

more expensive to recruit and train new employees than to retain current employees

deloitte: 150k to replace

SAS: 60k to replace

annua loss of 150 jobs results in 9mil a year

How can wee increase commitment?

need to know what they value, varies by generation

GENERATIONS

n/a

Gen X wants

good colleagues

interesting work

learning opportunities

salary