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Vocabulary flashcards covering core body organization terminology.
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Anatomy
Science of structure and the relationship among structures.
Physiology
Science of body functions or how the body parts work.
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
Responsiveness
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal and external environment.
Movement
Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and organelles inside cells.
Growth
Increase in body size.
Differentiation
Process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells.
Reproduction
The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; production of a new individual.
Homeostasis
The condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits.
Feedback system
A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Controlled condition
The condition being monitored by homeostasis.
Stimulus
Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition.
Receptor
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
Control center
In the body, for example, the brain sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, and generates output commands when needed.
Output
Information (nerve impulses or chemical signals) relayed from the control center to an effector.
Effector
A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.
Negative feedback system
Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
Positive feedback system
Strengthens a change in a controlled condition.
Disorder
Any abnormality of structure and/or function.
Disease
A specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs.
Symptoms
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.
Signs
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure.
Diagnosis
The identification of a disease or disorder based on scientific evaluation of the patient’s symptoms and signs, medical history, physical examination, and sometimes data from laboratory tests.
Aging
A normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis.
Superior
Toward the head.
Inferior
Toward the feet.
Anterior
Nearer or at the front of the body.
Posterior
Nearer or at the back of the body.
Medial
Nearer to the midline of the body.
Lateral
Farther from the midline of the body.
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk.
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk.
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure.
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
Deep
Away from the surface of the body.
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body.