Body Organization Terminology - Key Terms

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Vocabulary flashcards covering core body organization terminology.

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36 Terms

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Anatomy

Science of structure and the relationship among structures.

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Physiology

Science of body functions or how the body parts work.

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Metabolism

All the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

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Responsiveness

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal and external environment.

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Movement

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and organelles inside cells.

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Growth

Increase in body size.

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Differentiation

Process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells.

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Reproduction

The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; production of a new individual.

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Homeostasis

The condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits.

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Feedback system

A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

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Controlled condition

The condition being monitored by homeostasis.

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Stimulus

Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition.

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Receptor

A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

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Control center

In the body, for example, the brain sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, and generates output commands when needed.

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Output

Information (nerve impulses or chemical signals) relayed from the control center to an effector.

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Effector

A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

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Negative feedback system

Reverses a change in a controlled condition.

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Positive feedback system

Strengthens a change in a controlled condition.

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Disorder

Any abnormality of structure and/or function.

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Disease

A specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs.

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Symptoms

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.

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Signs

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure.

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Diagnosis

The identification of a disease or disorder based on scientific evaluation of the patient’s symptoms and signs, medical history, physical examination, and sometimes data from laboratory tests.

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Aging

A normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis.

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Superior

Toward the head.

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Inferior

Toward the feet.

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Anterior

Nearer or at the front of the body.

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Posterior

Nearer or at the back of the body.

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Medial

Nearer to the midline of the body.

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Lateral

Farther from the midline of the body.

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Proximal

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk.

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Distal

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk.

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Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body as another structure.

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Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body from another structure.

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Deep

Away from the surface of the body.

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Superficial

Toward or on the surface of the body.