**Geology ALL QUIZES** (quiz 12 is research summary)

Q14 and Q2 have one identical question with the same answer so I skipped the duplicate on the flashcards

(Q1) Stars are just like ___, but they lie farther away from Earth

the Sun

(Q1)These are relatively small rocky or metallic objects that orbit the Sun

Asteroids

(Q1)The formation of the first atoms in the Universe is called ___ nucleosynthesis

Big Bang

(Q1)Using simple observations, reason, and math, Eratosthenes determined that Earth was spherical and its ___ was approximately 40,000 km

Circumference

(Q1)In the context of scientififc cosmology, there are two basic entities: _____ and ___

Matter and energy

(Q2)Analyses suggests that the inner core is most likely primarily composed off ____ and ___

Iron and nickel

(Q2)The boundary between the crust and mantel, called the ___, may be detected by changes in seismic wave velocity

Moho

(Q2)Temperature and pressure at Earth’s center probably reaches ___ and ___

6,000C and 3.6 million atmospheres

(Q2)The terms lithosphere and crust are not synonymous; most of the lithosphere actually consists of ___ rock

mantle

(Q2)The mantle experiences upwards flow in warm regions and downwards flow in cooler regions; a process known as_____

convection

(Q3)Harry Hess proposed that the old ocean floor sinks into the mantle through the process of____

subduction

(Q3)Wegner predicted the existence of a supercontinent called ______

Pangea

(Q3)The broad flat regions of the seafloor that lie at a depth of 4-5km below sea level are known as_____

abyssal plains

(Q3)Glaciers leave evidence of their direction of flow by creating ____ in the substrate over which they flow

striations

(Q3)In the pacific ocean, we see many ____ that border all of the deep sea trenches

volcanic arcs

(Q4)For seafloor rocks, a ____ describes magnetic signatures that are stronger than expected

positive magnetic anomaly

(Q4)Rocks retain a record, known as _____, of Earth’s magnetic field that existed when the rock formed

paleomagnetism

(Q4) Drilling of the seafloor indicates that the oldest seafloor rock can be found ____

closer to continental slopes

(Q4)If a geologists knows the age of the seafloor rocks at a particular distance from a mid-ocean ridge, then she can calculate _____

spreading rate

(Q4) The primary support for Hess’s mechanism of seafloor spreading came from the interpretation of_______

marine magnetic anomalies

(Q5) The basin and Range province is an example of a continental rift in_____

western US

(Q5)___ is an example of a majestic rift valley volcano

My. Kilimanjaro

(Q5)An example of acient collisional mountains in the US would be ____

Appalachian

(Q5)____ Is an outward-directed force that contributes to moving plates away from a mid-ocean ridge axis

ridge push force

(Q5)The sinking of dense lithosphere at a subduction zone creates this force that moves plates apart at midocean ridges

slab pull force

(Q6)The banded iron formations of northern Michigan are examples of ___ mineral deposits

sedimentary

(Q6) In these mineral deposits, groundwater leaches metal from a rock and deposits them nearby, usually at at the water table

Secondary enrichment

(Q6) In these mineral deposits, ground water leaches elements from a rock, but it is the material left behind that is of value

residual

(Q6) In these mineral deposits, moving water in streams concentrates dense metal grains

(Q6) In these mineral deposites, circulation hot water concentrates minerals, normally in veins

hydrothermal

(Q7) Ignous rocks freezes at temperatures between ___ and ___

650C & 1100C

(Q7)Fragmental material explosively ejected during a volcanic eruption is known as

pyroclastic debris

(Q7) earth would be a cold solid mass if not for the heat continually generated by ___

decay of radioactive elements

(Q7)molten rock beneath earth’s surface is known as __

magma

(Q7) Four compositional types of molten rock are

Felsic, mafic, intermediate, ultramafic

(Q8) Igneous rocks with this texture are known to have cooled slowly

phaneritic

(Q8)Igneous rocks with this texture are known to have cooled very fast, almost immediently

glassy

(Q8)mafic scoria shows this texture

vesicular

(Q8)the Andes of South America formed in this tectonic setting

subduction ocean to continent

(Q8)The Aleutian Arc of Alaska formed in this tectonic setting

subduction ocean to ocean

Q9) In Hawaii, this hazard associated with recent eruptions of Kilauea has destroyed homes and shut down a geothermal powerplant.

lava flows

(Q9)Many volcanoes are topped with glaciers. The volcanic hazard killed 25,000 people in Amero, Colombia, 60km from Nevado del Ruiz.

lahars

(Q9)this volcanic hazard resulted in the death of 1742 people in Nyos, Cameroon. (came from lake Nyos)

toxic gas clouds

(Q9)In the Mediterranean, this civilization likely disappeared as a result of the eruption in Santorini

minoan

(Q9)All human evolution may have been altered by the eruption of ___ Volcano in Indonesia about 73,000 years ago

Mt. Toba

(Q10) Does Photo A show a fissure eruption or a summit crater eruption?

fissure

(Q10)What a effusive eruption?

when magma rises up through a volcano and simply flows out

(Q10)Which type of eruption does Photo B show?

summit crater

(Q10)What is an explosive eruption?

when magma rises through a volcano, but then explodes pyroclastic material out of the volcano due to pressure and gas. D:

(Q10)What is a Shield Volcano?

volcanoes that SOMETIMES have viscous lava being emitted from a central vent. They are large and look flat-topped. They can also sometimes have a collapsed caldera.

(Q10)What is a stratovolcano?

taller than a shield volcano and it emits explosive and pyroclastic debris from its central vent

(Q10)What is a Cinder Cone volcano?

volcano can be characterized by its bowl-shaped crater at the summit. They rarely grow more than a thousand fee above their surroundings

(Q10)What type of volcano does diagram C represent?

cinder cone

(Q10)What phenomena causes volcanic explosions?

The buoyancy of magma, the pressure from gasses in the magma, and the injection of magma into a magma chamber can all cause a volcanic eruption

(Q10) How does a caldera form?

the collapse of the ground that forms a large depression following a volcanic eruption.

(Q10)How does a super volcanic eruption differ from other eruptions?

volcanoes that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index of 8

(Q10)What forces drive debris motion in a gas-thrust jet

characterized by large velocities and decelerations and is dominated by momentum

(Q10) What locations in photo D shows a pyroclastic flow?

X

(Q10) forces drive debris motion in a pyroclastic flow

a fast-moving avalanche-like mixture of hot gasses, ash, and volcanic rock fragments that flows downhill.

Q11)This chemical rock is formed from the calcium carbonate that precipitates directly from ground water

travertine

(Q11) this organic rock contains 15-30% organic material called kerogen

oil shale

(Q11) the burial and lithification of gravel-sized, angular (round) clasts produces

conglomerate

(Q11) Mud, when deposited in thin layers, is lithified and breaks into thin sheets, becomes ___

shale

(Q11) this biochemical rock is formed from the silica shells of plankton

chert

(Q11 Bonus)The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock

lithification

((Q10))What forces drive debris motion in a air fall ash

process where the pyroclastic dust which is carried to far away places by wind and later settles due to gravity

((Q10))What forces drive debris motion in a connective cloud

when volcanic ash and gasses are injected high into the atmosphere during an eruption.

(Q13) This rock type forms from the metamorphism of mafic rocks like basalt and gabbro

Amphibolite

(Q13)This rick type is a fine-grained nonfoliated metamorphic rock

Hornfels

(Q13) This foliated rock forms from the metamorphism of shale

Slate

(Q13) this rock type is characterized by light and dark compositional banding

Gneiss

(Q13)The soft, uniform texture of this rock was exploited by Michelangelo

Marble

(Q14) Within the lower portion of the upper mantle is the ____, an area of successive seismic discontinuities

Transition one

(Q14)Refers to areas where warmer and les dense mantle is rising

mantle upwelling

(Q14)within the upper portion of the upper mantle is the ____, an area where 1%-6% of peridotite melts

low velocity zone

(Q14) Gutenberg identified the core mantle boundary using ___

seismic waves

(Q15) The ____ of an earthquake is a measure of several wave amplitudes, dimension of slip, and total displacement

moment magnitude

(Q15)A magnitude (Mw) of 6 earthquakes results in ground motion that is____ times greater than a magnitude (Mw) of 5 earthquakes

Ten (10)

(Q15)A magnitude (Mw) of 8 earthquakes results in energy release is approximately____ times greater than a magnitude (Mw) of 7 earthquakes

Thirty-two (32)

(Q15) The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 is an example of ____ seismicity

transform plate boundary

(Q15) The New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-12 are an example of ___ seismicity

intraplate

(Q16) The term describes a thin film of runoff that flows down the land surface

Sheetwash

(Q16) This drainage network forms on the surface of conical mountains

Radial

(Q16) this feature of the landscape is also called the catchment

Watershed

(Q16) this drainage network forms across a landscape of parallel valleys and ridges

trellis

(Q16)This drainage network exhibits channels that form along pre-existing surface fractures, streams join one another at right angles

rectangular

(Q17) The relatively flat, shallow marine area off the Georgia coast is an example of a ____

Passive continental margins

(Q17) The nearly flat, deep marine area far off the Georgia coast is an example of a

abyssal plain

(Q17)____ form by erosion in areas offshore of major rivers along the east coast

submarine canyons

(Q17)Refers to the sediment that covers basalt on the deep ocean floor

pelagic

(Q17) A___ forms where a oceanic volcano sinks beneath the waves due to isostasy

seamount

(Q18) In an attempt to keep river channels open, engineers build ____ that extend the river mouth into deeper water

Jetties

(Q18) Disturbance of the natural sand balance on a barrier island will lead to ___

Beach erosion

(Q18)Concrete or stone walls protruding perpendicular to the shore are called

Groins

(Q18) The death of algae that live in coral polyps is called ____ and may be the result of global increases in seawater temperature

Reef bleaching

(Q18) Sewage and agricultural runoff into coastal waters creates ___ along coasts

Dead zones