arrangement of elements so that their physical and chemical properties follow a regular repeating pattern
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groups or families
columns(vertical), all have similar properties, same number of valence electrons(these electrons affect physical and chemical properties)
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period
rows(horiziontal)
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Dmitri Mendeleev
-Element 101 was named in his honor -first to come up with a periodic table -(1870) Organized the 63 known elements of the time in order of their atomic mass -Saw a pattern with the number of elements that can be bonded to that element- has to do with valence electrons -Left spaces in periodic table where it appeared an element wasn't discovered yet -Predicted properties of unknown elements and was correct
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issue with Mendeleev's table
arranged his table by atomic mass instead of atomic number
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Henry Moseley(1910)
-Discovered atomic number(number of protons in an atom) -Rearranged periodic table by this number and it fell into perfect order
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periodic law
Physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers-when elements are arranged by atomic number you should see chemical and physical properties repeating themselves
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Alkali Metals
Group 1 excluding H, all have 1+ charge, extremely reactive
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Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 2, all have 2+ charge
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Transition metals
groups 3-12, slightly reactive
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halogens
Group 17, extremely reactive
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noble gases
Group 18, extremely inactive or inert because of full valence shell
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lanthanide series
top row on the bottom two
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actinide series
bottom row on the bottom two
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Elements on the steps
all metalloids or semiconductors(except Al- it is a metal)
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Physical properties(metals)
luster, conductive, malleable, ductile, high density, high melting point(All are solid at room temperature except for Hg)
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Chemical properties(metals)
most metal will react with O2 or H2O to form an oxide(metal+oxygen), this is rusting or tarnishing
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Metals give up_____to get to a full valence shell
e-(electron)
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Physical properties(nonmetals)
dull, don't conduct, brittle, low density, low melting points(can be solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature)
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Nonmetals take____to get full valence shell
e-
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Physical properties(metalloids)
shiny or dull, conduct ok, ductile and malleable, or brittle(Al is light metal not metalloid)
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Avogadro's Law
The number of particles of a gas of equal volumes as equal pressures and temperatures was a constant regardless of the gas
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amu =
g/mol
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Most reactive metals(trend)
down and to the left, in a square- N-shape
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Most reactive nonmetal
up and right(excluding noble gases), in a square- Z-shape
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atomic radius(trend)
down and to the left, backwards Z-shape
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Ionization energy
energy required to remove an electron from an atom