compounding lab final

SAFETY QUESTIONS

SAFETY QUESTIONS

where are the safety showers located in lab?

-next to mural of cocky

-next to white board

where is the first aid box located?

adjacent to hood

where is the broken glass box located?

under each window

where do you meet the class during a fire drill?

outside Long Street Theater

what are the 3 prime questions?

1. What did your doctor tell you this medication was for?

2. How did your doctor tell you take this medication?

3. What did your doctor tell you to expect?

LAB 1: WEIGHING & MEASURING

LAB 1: WEIGHING & MEASURING

LAW equation

sensitivity (x) X 100% / accepted error

why is LAW important?

-ensures smallest amount weighed on balance is accurate

-different balances = varying sensitivities

-indicates minimum quantity accurately weighed without significant error

beaker

-should not be used to measure liquids with any degree of accuracy

-ONLY to mix or store liquid preparations unless calibrated

cylindrical graduate

-used to deliver volumes >20mL + fluid liquids

-less viscous

conical graduate

-used to measure small, viscous liquids

-necessary for accuracy

syringe

measures very small, non-viscous liquids

what is responsible for difference in weight delivered when water + glycerin are measured?

-glycerin is more viscous + thick than water + has a higher specific gravity

-weight of glycerin delivered is greater than weight of water

% error formula

| Theoretical - Experimental / Theoretical | x 100%

what is the accepted standard error in pharmacy?

+/- 5%

what is the most that can be weighed on electronic balances in lab?

200 g

what is the sensitivity of electronic + torsion balances used in compounding lab?

5 mg

what causes the difference in bulk between varying powders?

density

how to find volume of liquid measured?

weight of liquid / specific gravity

specific gravity

g/mL

between various measuring devices in lab 1, which was most accurate? which was least?

-most: cylindrical graduate

-least: beaker

measuring techniques for conical + cylindrical graduates

-use smallest graduate that will hold volume to be measured

-hold graduate at eye level

-to avoid errors of parallax: volume should be read at bottom of meniscus

*viscosity of liquid = influences measuring accuracy of a liquid

LAB 2: CAPSULES & TABLETS

LAB 2: CAPSULES & TABLETS

why is uniformity crucial to both blending powders + filling capsules?

dose should be same for each capsule/ensures even distribution of AIs

why is tablet splitting an issue in pharmacy today?

-medication cost

-difficult to evenly split a tablet/ensure proper dosing

-gives patients idea that they can split ALL tablets, even when they shouldn't (some may split drugs that should only be taken whole)

in terms of capsule size, smaller the capsule number, the _______ the capsule can fit

more

smaller capsule size = bigger overall capsule

000 > 5

patients can (normally) easily swallow which capsule sizes?

5-0

(00 + 000 are usually too big to easily swallow)

what method is used to ensure uniformity in blended powders in capsule lab?

geometric dilution

geometric dilution uses...

figure 8 method to ensure mixing of all powders

method for hand-filling capsules

1) use geometric dilution to blend powder + dye (aka evenly mix all the powder)

2) calculate 10% overage for powder

3) block off powder

4) pack powder in capsule by hand (punch + twist)

5) weigh to ensure correct amount

what size capsules did we use when filling the capsules?

#00

what types of tablets can't be split?

extended or modified release

what is best method for hand splitting a tablet?

placing fingers on each side of score + pressing down

which was most effective + accurate method of tablet splitting? least accurate?

-most: pill-splitter

-least: metal spatula method

what piece of equipment is used to mix powders + ointment?

ointment slab

LAB 3 : SOLUTIONS

LAB 3 : SOLUTIONS

simple syrup does not contain preservatives. how can it remain stable for longer than expected?

1. refrigerate it

2. increase amount of sugar in sugar:water ratio

-simple syrup is protected from bacterial contamination due to its high solute concentration

-this creates high osmotic pressure in solution

-simple syrup stored at cold temperature slows future bacterial growth

what is the MOA of parabens as preservatives? why are both methyl- and propyl-paraben used in combination in Preserved Water?

-MOA interferes with cellular membrane processes + disrupts bacterial/microbe growth

-methyl/propyl paragons used together to create synergistic effect, increase, preservative effect, + have a greater effect on activity as antimicrobial preservatives when used in contamination

how should you counsel patient receiving Chlorpheniramine Solution?

-shake well

-discard after BUD

-may cause drowsiness, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting/nausea, dizziness, dry mouth

why were aliquot methods required to measure ingredients for Preserved Water + for Chlorpheniramine Solution?

some ingredient amounts were below the LAW

how would you decide whether you should use a solid aliquot or a liquid aliquot method?

-solid aliquot: used when making solid (capsule or tablet)

-liquid aliquot: used when making liquid

why would a sugar-free preparation of chlorpheniramine maleate solution be compounded?

-patient has diabetes

-children

-shelf life is also extended b/c drug is more stable in sorbitol (non-sugar polyol)

what is the indication (what is it used for?) of chlorpheniramine maleate?

-antihistamine

-used to treat runny nose, itching, + sneezing, all symptoms caused by allergies, common cold, + hay fever

what steps did you take to prevent inversion of sucrose when you made simple syrup?

-did not overheat solution

-while stirring, added sucrose slowly

BUD: preserved water

35 days

BUD: simple syrup

180 days

BUD: chlorpheniramine solution

35 days

LAB 4: SUSPENSIONS

LAB 4: SUSPENSIONS

purpose of each ingredient included in a suspension: aspartame

sweetening agent/sugar-free sweetener

purpose of each ingredient included in a suspension: xanthan gum

suspending agent

purpose of each ingredient included in a suspension: propylene glycol

solvent

what is unique about rheology of bentonite magma?

-thixotropic (shear thinning)

-when shaken, fluid becomes thinner (more fluid under force)

what is purpose of bentonite magma in calamine lotion?

stabilizing/suspending agent/viscosity enhancer

why most non-acid flavors be used to prepare the omeprazole suspension?

-unstable in acidic conditions, must have pH above 8

-if pH gets below 7.8, results in drug decomposition + increased stomach acidity

what counseling tip should ALWAYS be included when dispensing suspensions?

-shake well before use

-must be shaken well to disperse medication inside

-if this does not happen, dose won't be equal to desired dose

additional counseling points for acetaminophen solution:

-should not be taken with another acetaminophen

-keep out of reach of children

-avoid alcohol + take with food

-max. adult dose: 3000 mg/kg/day

-max. pediatric dose: 90 mg/kg/day

BUD: acetaminophen suspension

14 days

BUD: omeprazole suspension

-45 days if refrigerated

-14 days @ room temp

BUD: calamine lotion

2 months

what does the omeprazole suspension taste like before falvoring?

bitter

LAB 5: EMULSIONS

LAB 5: EMULSIONS

what type of mineral oil is used to make emulsions in Lab 5?

-heavy mineral oil

why would you use heavy mineral oil instead of light mineral oil?

-heavy: more viscous, easier to pour, + slows rate of separation

-light: not viscous enough

what is the possible use of a mineral oil emulsion?

lubricant laxative to treat constipation

why would mineral oil be administered as an emulsion instead of as a bulk oil?

-more hydrophilic as emulsion/more easily dissolved in water

-more palatable for patient -easier to administer

wet gum method for preparing emulsions

3:2:1 (oil : water : emulsifier)

BUD: Mineral Oil Emulsion - Acacia/Trituration Method + Span/Tween Blender Method

14 days

Drop Dilution Test

-put a drop of emulsion on surface of water

-o/w: drop spreads out + mixes easily

-w/o: drop "balls up"

Dye-Solubility Test

-place 1/2 dropperful of dye solution on emulsion + invert

-dye solution diffuses (mixes) with emulsion: o/w

-creates/colors droplets: w/o

Filter Paper Test

-put drop of emulsion on filter paper

-drop spreads rapidly: o/w

-drop does not spread: w/o

3 Types of Energy Components that can be used in Emulsions:

1. blender

2. trituration

3. shaking

Three Indications of Emulsion Instability

1. creaming (can be reversed): dispersed drops rise to top or fall to bottom

2. coalescence: breaking, surfactant film destroyed

3. phase inversion: change in emulsion type

emulsion

2 immiscible agents + emulsifying agent

emulsion compounding tips

-dissolve oil in oil + water in water

-water + oil should be mixed slowly with constant agitation

-light, rapid trituration is more effective than heavy + slow when using mortar + pestle

-if using heat, aqueous phase should be warmer than oil phase

Dry Gum Method

-4:2:1 - 4 oil, 2 water, 1 emulsifier

-emulsifier = gum (hydrocolloid) usually acacia

-mix emulsifier with oil, then add water all at once

-light, rapid trituration is most effective

Wet Gum Method (aka English Method)

-3:2:1

-mix emulsifier with water then add oil

-more difficult, but more stable

-light, rapid trituration is most effective

Bottle (Forbes) Method

-2 oil: 2 water: 1 gum

-like dry gum but used for more volatile oils or oleaginous bases

HLB scale for surfactants:

-1-20 (in pharmacy but goes up to 40)

-Low = hydrophobic (oil)

-High = hydrophilic (water)

emulsifiers should comprise _____ of final product

5%

HLB allegation method

uses grams, must convert to mL

LAB 6: OINTMENTS

LAB 6: OINTMENTS

what type of ointment base is Hydrophilic Ointment Base?

-absorption base

-greasy, hydrophilic, + takes up liquid

-o/w emulsion base

what is the emulsifier in Hydrophilic Ointment Base?

Polysorbate 80

Sulfur Ointment indication

acne, dermatitis, + scabies

Iodine Ointment indication

topical antiseptic often used in first aid on cuts + burns

Counseling points for Sulfur & Iodine ointments:

-external use only-avoid contact with eyes-wash hands before & after use

BUD: sulfur ointment

30 days because it is a semisolid (no water)

BUD: hydrophilic ointment base

180 days

BUD: iodine ointment

60 days

What type of mixture was formed by the menthol and camphor? Describe the mechanism

-eutectic mixture

-melting point of combination is lower than melting point of either ingredient

Oleaginous bases

-hydrophobic

-difficult spreadability

-greasy

-examples: petrolatum, white/yellow ointment

-good levigating agents: mineral oil

Absorption bases

-anhydrous

-occlusive

-hydrophilic

-difficult spreadability

Ointment Mill

used to reduce particle size through high shear force

When & why are ointments used?Disadvantages?

-used on dry scaly lesions - emollient properties aid in rehydrating skin

-disadvantages: deliver limited amounts of AI + restricts use to more potent drugs

LAB 7: CREAMS + LOTIONS

LAB 7: CREAMS + LOTIONS

Lotions and creams are types of...

ointments

What is the method of ointment preparation used to prepare both the banishing cream + dermal lubricant lotion?

Fusion method

How do you add a medicinal agent when preparing a vanishing cream formulation?

-if medicinal agent is water soluble: add to aqueous phase

-if medicinal agent is NOT water soluble: add to organic phase/final product

Why are surfactants necessary in lotions + creams?

-allow mixing of organic + aqueous phases

-prevent phase separation

-increase surface tension to allow for the mixing + thickening of layers