Honors Biology - 2nd 6W Exam

 What would a correct diagram of the flow of energy through an environment look like?

 What would a correct diagram of the flow of energy through an environment look like?

Sun → Autotroph  →  Heterotroph  →  Work and Heat

Euglena are single-celled protists that perform photosynthesis, but can also break down dead and decaying organisms for energy. Which TWO of the following statements are true regarding euglena? 

euglena can be considered both autotrophs and heterotrophs

euglena must contain chloroplasts and mitochondria as membrane-bound organelles

In a forest ecosystem, grass is eaten by rabbits and deer.  The rabbits are the prey of hawks and snakes in the ecosystem.  The snakes can also be eaten by the hawks.  In this ecosystem, which organism functions as both a secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer?

Hawk

In a small aquatic ecosystem, algae exists as the primary producer. If 5000 calories exist at the producer level, about how many calories would be transferred to the level of the tertiary consumer?

5

Light can be measured according to their wavelength.  The different wavelengths of light correspond to different colors that can be perceived by the eyes.  How is the color of a plant related to the pigments they contain?

Pigments absorb certain wavelengths of light for the light-dependent reactions. Any light that isn’t absorbed is reflected, causing the observer to see the plant as this color.

Heart muscle cells are constantly performing work as they ensure that your heart is pumping at all times, so they contain many mitochondria. Which TWO statements describe the process that occurs in mitochondria in heart cells? 

Stored chemical energy is converted to usable chemical energy.

Glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen.

A student is given four statements about gas exchange as it relates to cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

1. Carbon dioxide is created in cellular respiration and used in photosynthesis.

   • Carbon dioxide is created in photosynthesis and used in cellular respiration.

   • Oxygen is created in photosynthesis and used in cellular respiration.

   • Oxygen is created in cellular respiration and used in photosynthesis.

If the student was asked to choose all of the statements that were true, which should she choose?

I and III

A student labels three cups, A, B and C, and fill each one with 100 mL of tap water. They set one cup aside, put 1 scoop of baking soda in cup B and  5 scoops of baking soda in the remaining cup. The student places 10 leaf disks in each cup, places them under a light, and records how m any leaf disks are floating every two minutes for ten minutes. The create the following graph using their data: After performing the experiment, the student realizes they did not record which cup received 5 scoops of baking soda and which one did not receive any baking soda. Based on your knowledge of this experiment, which cup likely contained 5 scoops of baking soda? 

Cup A

The student divides the solution in Cup B into two separate cups, adds 10 leaf disks to each, and labels them "inside" and "outside". They place the cup labeled "inside" in a dark cabinet, and the cup labeled "outside" on a table in the outdoor courtyard in full sunlight. 

Which of the following is a reasonable hypothesis based on knowledge of cellular energy in plants?

More leaf disks will float to the top of the cup faster in the "outside" environment because more photosynthesis occurs when exposed to higher light levels.

______ is the tissue that transports water to the leaves for photosynthesis.

xylem

The sugar produced in photosynthesis is transported throughout the plant by _____

phloem

A group of scientists performed an experiment in which they placed plants in environments containing varying amounts of carbon dioxide. What would you imagine would happen to the plant’s production of glucose if carbon dioxide was completely removed from the environment of one of the plants?

Sugar production would stop completely.

When comparing the cellular contents of an autotroph like a plant with a heterotroph like a human, the main difference that affects the ability of each to create energy is that —

autotrophs have chloroplasts and heterotrophs do not.

A diagram comparing and contrasting photosynthesis and cellular respiration would show —

light as the source of energy for photosynthesis and glucose as the source of energy for cellular respiration.

When a person takes a bite of an apple, teeth and enzymes in the saliva begin to break the apple into smaller pieces. Hormones signal for the production of digestive enzymes in the stomach and intestines so food can be broken into small molecules that can be absorbed. Nutrient molecules are absorbed by villi in the small intestine to the blood stream where they are transported throughout the body. 

Which body systems are most directly involved in the digestive process describe above? 

endocrine, digestive, circulatory

The image below show an animal cell in different stages of mitosis. Which answer choice correctly sequences these steps as they occur in mitosis?  

Q, T, S, R

Which TWO of the following statements are TRUE regarding the mitotic cell cycle? 

The cell cycle allows tadpoles to grow and develop into adult frogs.

The cell cycle produces somatic cells that can heal damaged tissue.

Which of the following accurately describes the major events of the cell cycle? 

During interphase, the cell grows and copies all internal components. During mitosis, the cellular components are divided into daughter cells.

Which of the following stages of mitosis is accurately described? 

Anaphase: identical sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

The somatic cells of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) contain 10 chromosomes.  When spinach grows new leaves, it uses mitosis. After one round of mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell contain? 

10

Before a cell progresses into the next stage of the cell cycle, it will complete a quality control check. This ensures the cell is healthy and will produce healthy daughter cells. Which of the following is a normal response to problems detected during one of these checkpoints?

The cell repairs the damage before entering mitosis.

Unregulated cell growth and division will MOST LIKELY lead to –

the development of tumors

Which of the following would MOST LIKELY lead to uncontrolled cell division? 

a mutation that decreases the production of a tumor suppressing protein

The complementary sequence of the DNA strand 5' CCGGCTA 3' is —

3' GGCCGAT 5'

Which part of a DNA molecule is responsible for coding for the specific traits of an organism? 

The order of the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule.

Which TWO statements accurately explain the events that occur in DNA replication? 

DNA polymerase matches cytosine to guanine and thymine to adenine.

Two identical strands of DNA are produced in the process.

Stem cells differentiate into all the different cells in the human body. Which statement explains how each of the different cell types is formed?

Each cell expresses different genes at different times.

A student is studying for a test about DNA. He draws a section of DNA: 

Strand 1: A T G C T A G C A T

Strand 2: A T G C T A G C A T

What feedback can you give him on his DNA model?

This model is inaccurate, and Strand 2 should be  T A C G A T C G T A.

Humans can have Type A blood, Type B blood, Type AB blood, or Type O blood. Type A blood will have Type A antigens on it, while Type B blood will have Type AB antigens on them. Type AB blood will have both types of antigens, while Type O lacks these antigens all together. 

What factor most directly determines the antigens that are found on red blood cells?

The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA

Which of the following is the same in all organisms? 

All organisms have genes made of the same type of DNA nucleotides.

The list below contains several stages of DNA replication.

1. DNA polymerase adds new DNA nucleotides to a growing strand.

2. Primase adds an RNA primer to the template strand.

3. Ligase joins the fragments.

4. Helicase separates the two strands of the DNA molecule.

Which of the following correctly sequences the steps of DNA replication?

IV, II, I, III

A diagram of the steps involved in protein synthesis is shown below. Which of the following accurately explains the process represented by Arrow 1?

RNA polymerase bonds free RNA nucleotides to their complemntary base on a template DNA strand. This forms a single RNA molecule.

A model of a biological process is shown. What cellular process  is shown and what is the product produced? 

Process: transcription; Product: mRNA

A partial mRNA segment and codon chart are shown below. 

mRNA segment:      5' U G U G A C U A G 3'

What is the amino acid sequence encoded for by this mRNA molecule? 

Cysteine – Aspartic Acid

A model of DNA is shown below. 

Non-Template DNA Strand	T A C G A T C A A
Template DNA Strand	A T G C T A G T T

Assume the template strand of DNA undergoes transcription. Which of the following molecules will be produced as a direct result of this process? 

mRNA with the sequence U A C G A U C A A

A segment of a DNA template strand is shown. 

3' TAC AAT CCG TAT GGG 5' 

Which of these is the correct amino acid sequence produced from this sequence of genetic code? 

Met - Leu - Gly - Ileu- Pro

Your classmate is demonstrating transcription using colored chocolate candies, where each color represents a different nucleotide. They produce the model below and ask you to evaluate it for correctness. Which of the following is the BEST feedback to give your classmate regarding their model? 

This model is incorrect. The blue candies in the mRNA strand should be replaced with yellow candies. 

Why is tRNA needed for protein synthesis? 

tRNA matches amino acids to codons in an mRNA at the ribosome.

Many fungi possess genes that code for antibiotics that kill bacteria in their environment. If a gene for an antibiotic from a fungal genome is inserted into the genome of a fish, what protein will be made?

The same protein as the one found in the fungus will be produce by the fish.

Select the answer choice that correctly summarizes the steps of protein synthesis. 

Transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.

The diagram below shows a type of mutation. What type of mutation is shown?

Chromosomal Mutation: Insertion

If a strand of DNA changes from AACGGTGCAA to AAAGGTGCAA, what type of mutation is this?

Substitution

Bacteria growing in the presence of glucose will express the genes for enzymes to metabolize the glucose. If glucose is no longer available, the bacteria will switch to expressing the genes for enzymes to metabolize other types of sugar. What is the explanation behind this change?

The genes for these enzymes are being regulated based on it environment.

Which of the following mutations is most likely to produce a protein that will still work?

A mutation that codes for the same amino acid as the original gene sequence. 

Which of the following describes a frameshift mutation?

An insertion or deletion that changes all of the amino acids after the mutation.

How is a mutation in a skin cell different from a mutation in a sperm cell? 

Mutations in somatic cells like skin cells are generally not passed to offspring, while those occurring in gametes like sperm cells are usually passed to offspring.

A mRNA sequence usually reads CUA. Which of the following errors in transcription will cause the MOST significant change in the protein produced in translation? 

AUA