ap human georaphy flashcards

Climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

Landforms

natural features of the earth's surface

Water Bodies

inland areas of water (rivers, lakes, reservoirs etc)

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.

Demographics

the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, and gender.

Birth Rate

the number of live births per thousand of population per year.

Death Rates

the number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in a population.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a newborn can expect to live.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference in births and deaths in a population, usually expressed as a percentage; does not take into account migration into or out of an area.

Population Doubling Time

The number of years required for a population to double in size.

Fertility

the incidence of childbearing in a country's population

Mortality

death

Demographic Transition Model

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

Stage 1 DTM

Low Growth, very high CBR, High CBR, Low NIR

Stage 2 DTM

High CBR, Lowering CDR, Increasing NIR, exploding population

Stage 3 DTM

Decreasing CBR, Low CDR, Decreasing NIR, population growth

Stage 4 DTM

Low CBR, Low CDR, Low NIR, stable (but large) population

Stage 5 DTM

Low CBR, Increasing CDR, Negative NIR, decreasing population

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Epidimiological Transition Model

A model that describes the major causes of death between the different stages of development. It goes from famine and natural plagues and diseases to man made afflictions such as smoking and heart attacks due to diet and lack of exercise.

ETM Stage 1 (Pestilence and Famine)

Pestilence, famine, and human conflict cause high CDR (Ex. Black Plague)

ETM Stage 2 (Receding Pandemics)

Receding pandemics with improved sanitation and nutrition, rapidly declining CDR

ETM Stage 3 & 4 (Degenerative Diseases)

Elderly diseases, CBR down, Population stable; the introduction of healthcare & antibiotics led to an increased life expectancy—obesity-related and degenerative disease.

ETM Stage 5 (Reemerging Diseases)

a proposed stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases and some become resistant to antibiotics; CDR increases

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Neo-Malthusians

group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources

Esther Boserup

Geographer who believed that our farming technology will always improve in order to be able to feed the growing population of the planet.

Pronatalist

a government policy that encourages or forces childbearing, and outlaws or limits access to contraception

Antinatalist

Policies that discourage people from having children (China's One Child Policy)

Contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Migration

movement of people from one place to another

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional Migration

movement within a region

Push Factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

Pull Factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Refugees

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

Asylum Seeker

a migrant hoping to be declared a refugee in a foreign country

Transnational Migration

a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

Circular Migration

the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment

Internal Migration

permanent movement within the same country

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Chain Migration

The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community.

Guest Workers

legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term

Rural to Urban Migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

Ernst Ravenstein

Created the laws of migration. Include:1. Most migrations are over a short distance. 2. Migration occurs in a series of steps. 3. Long-distance migration tends to go to urban areas. 4. Migration flows create counter flows. 5. Rural residents are more likely to move than an urban residence. 6. Women migrate more often inside their country (shorter distances) and men migrate outside of the country (longer distances). -Not true today 7. Most migrants are young adult males. 8. Migration increases with economic development. 9. Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

architecture

the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings; building design and materials will vary based upon culture and location.

culture trait

A single element of normal practice in a culture.

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a society by its own standards.

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

linguistic

relating to language

sequent occupance

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

traditional architecture

buildings use building materials available and reflect social/environmental customs of the people EX) log cabins

Postmodern Architecture

A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasant-looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people-friendly than their modernist predecessors.

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

Ethnic Neighborhood *enclave

a voluntary community where people of like origin reside by choice

indigenous community

is the community of indigenous people living together working to keep their culture alive

sense of place

Feelings are evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place.

Placemaking

The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community's quality of life.

Centripetal Force

the forces that unite people and countries

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

Hierarchical Diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Creolization

A language resulting from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

trade

Exchange of goods and services

Urbanization

the growth of cities

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

time-space convergence/compression

with increasing/evolving technology, the amount of time it takes something to spread becomes smaller and smaller

cultural convergence

The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.

cultural divergence

the restriction of a culture from outside influences

language family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

Language Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Cultural Hearth

a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward

Indo-European language family

Language family including the Germanic and Romance languages that is spoken by 50% of the world's people

Toponym

the name given to a place on Earth

Universalizing Religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed stresses belief in one God (Allah) and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Buddhism

a religion based on the teachings of the Buddha that developed in India in the 500s BC