General Psychology Midterm 2 Rutgers NB Keiko Brynildsen

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On lectures 6,7,8 and 9 as well as respective textbook parts

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249 Terms

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What is Maturation?
biological growth processes leading to orderly changes in behavior

\-mostly independent from experience

\-basic course of development

* ex: no amount of pleading/punishment-→ successful toilet training
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Primitive Reflexes
* sucking
* rooting(cheek touch→ turn and suck)
* Moro: startle/flail arms when tilting back
* Grasping: palm touch→ grab
* Babinski: sole stroked→ toes fan out + curl in
* Swaddle: don’t wake up due to moro reflex
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Understanding of right and wrong
Initial: moral behavior results from external factors

Later: internalization of morals
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What does experience do to maturation?
adjusts maturation
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What happens to brain growth from ages 3 to 6?
most rapid brain growth in frontal lobes

\-reasoning+planning

* control of attention
* behavior developes rapidly
* association areas(thinking, memory+language)=lst to develop
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What rapid growth happens into going into puberty?
Fiber pathways supporting language+agility
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What is the Pruning Process of the brain?
Use it or lose it

* shut down unused links + strengthen others
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Rat brain development in relation to experience
Two groups: 1. lived alone w/ little to interest/distract 2. shared w/ objects + activities that might exist naturally

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enriched environment-→ heavier + thicker brain cortex
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What is critical period
period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli/experiences=needed for proper development
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Critical period in relation to language
In early childhood-→ excess connections still available

* easily master another language
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Infantile Amnesia
Can’t consciously remember memories, but there is still constant processing + storing of information
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Baby and mobile experiment by Carolyn Rovee-Collier
babies associated kicking with the moving of the mobile, and can tell the difference between the original and something else.

* can remember even after a month
* same with language
* Conscious mind might not remember, but nervous system+unconscious mind will
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Cognition
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering+communicating
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Piaget’s findings
child’s mind develops in stages

* construct understanding as they interact
* mind=spurts of change-→ more stability with each stage
* little scientists: test + learn from patterns
* basical physical laws learned
* Child’s mind developed through physical environment
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What are schemas?
Concept or framework that organizes+interprets information
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Example of a schema?
Most people before: marriage=union btwn man + woman

* now: same sex-marriage fits in
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“Assimilating New Experiences” meaning?
interpreting new experiences in terms of pre-existing schemas

ex: toddler-→ dog=four-legged and furry, may call a cat a dog
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“Accomodate” meaning?
adapting current schemas to incorporate new information

ex: dog=four-legged, furry and doesn’t meow
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Piaget’s 4 major stages of cognitive development
* Sensorimotor
* Preoperational
* Concrete Operational
* Formal Operational
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What is the Sensorimotor Stage?
birth-→ age 2

* take in through senses+actions
* hands+limbs begin to move
* learn by making things happen
* Object Permanence
* Stranger Anxiety
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Object Permanence
Awareness of the existence of something even when not perceived

* before 6 months-→ babies do not have this
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What was Piaget wrong about?
young children=more competent than he thought
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What is the Preoperational Stage
age 2-7

* learns use of language
* cannot perform mental operations of concrete logic(imagining an option/mentally reversing)
* cannot grasp conservation concept
* representing things with words and images
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* intuitive than logical reasoning
* pretend play, egocentrism
* Animistic thinking: life to objects
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What is the Concept of Conservation?
physical properties does not change when appearance changes

* two cups of water with same amt, placing one container in thinner+taller container
* water level taller, so babies will think that has more
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Pretend Play
The connection between a model as a symbol for the actual thing

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Ex: 2 1/2 year olds cannot remember where a stuffed toy is in the actual room, but remembers where it is on the model.

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3 year olds can
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Egocentric
Difficulty imagining things from another point of view(Piaget teaching)
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Concrete Operational Stage
\~7-11yrs old

children gain mental operations enabling logical thinking abt concrete events

* reversibility
* transivity(refer info)
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What did Piaget believe about the Concrete Operational Stage?
children become able to understand simple math and conservation
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What did Piaget say about what happens by age 12?
Many children at this age become capable of Formational Operational Thinking
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Formal Operational Thinking
Age 11-adulthood

abstract and systematic reasoning

future possibilities

development of frontal lobe

logic+reasoning→ arguing skills
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Zone of proximal development
level where child can almost perform task independently
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Long term effects of attachment
* size of vocabulary
* interpersonal interaction
* emotions
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Ethological Theory(Bowlbu)
biologically programmed behaviors→ others to care for them
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Who was Lev Vygotsky?
Russian Psychologist→ child’s mind grows through interaction with SOCIAL environment

* young apprentice
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Why did Vygotsky think children were young apprentices?
Mentoring and teaching from parents and teachers
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What is the concept of scaffolding?
Providing a stepping stool where children can go to higher levels of thinking

* sweet spot(not too easy not too hard)
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What happens when we build what children already know?
Can engage them with demonstrations and stimulate them to think for themselves
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What happens at age 7 in children in regards to language?
Increasingly think in words+use words to solve problems

* inner speech
* internalize culture’s language
* control their own behavior+emotions
* master new skills
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What is “Theory of Mind?”
people’s ideas about their own+others’ mental states

* feelings, perceptions, and thoughts+behaviors these might predict

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Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD)
A disorder appearing in childhood-→ limitation in communication, social interaction+rigidly fixated interests+repetitive behaviors

* look less at people’s eyes
* difficulty reading+remembering ppl’s thoughts+feelings

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*Impaired Theory of Mind*
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Different levels of ASD Severity
High Functioning: normal intelligence, exceptional/talent in specific area

* lack social+communication skills+motivation
* distracted by minor/unimportant stimuli

Those at other end: struggle to use language
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What is the rate at which ASD is diagnosed?
Three boys for every girl

* maybe cus girls=more skilled in hiding this
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What contributes to ASD?
Genetic influences+abnormal brain development

* not vaccinations
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Why are girls better at hiding the symptoms of ASD?
Boys tend to be systemizers

Girls tend to be empathizers

* those with ASD are systemizers with more difficulty reading facial expressions
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Why is reading faces difficult for those with ASD?
poor communication among brain regions that allows us to take another’s viewpoints
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Attachment
An emotional tie with others; shown in young children by seeking closeness + showing distress upon separation
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When does stranger anxiety develop?
abt 8 months, when object permanence emerges
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What was a reasoning about infants that turned out to be wrong?
That infants grew attached to those who satisfied their needs for nourishment
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Harry Harlow + Margaret Harlow monkey experiment

1. eding bottle
2. newborn monkeys separated from mother, given blanket→ in distress when blanket taken

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1. two artifical mothers: cylinder wrapped with terry cloth, another: bare wire cylinder w/ wooden head+feeding bottle
2. preferred cloth mother

*secure base*
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What discovery was made from the Harlows’ monkey experiment?
Human infants→ attached to parents who are soft, warm, rock, pat→ give comfort

* touch=emotional connection

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Concept of Secure Attachment

* how many babies usually display this?
in mother’s presence-comfortable, happy, explores environment

* when she leaves→ upset
* returns→ seeks contact with her
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Concept of Insecure Attachment
Anxiety/avoidance of trusting relationships

* less likely to explore surrounding
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Anxiously Attached Concept
infants cling to mother

* leaves→ cries loudly, remains upset
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Avoidantly Attached Concept
does not notice or care for mother’s departure/return
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What kind of mothers were usually attributed to securely attached babies
Sensitive, responsive mothers→ noticed what baby was doing→ responded appropriately
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What kind of baby would *insensitive, unresponsive mothers* produce usually?
attended to babies when they like so→ ignored them other times

* insecurely attached
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Temperament is…
genetically influenced
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Relationship between children at 13 months and separation anxiety?
Peaks at 13 months→ gradually declines from then

* early attachment relaxes
* move to wider range of situations
* communicate with strangers more freely
* still emotionally attached to loved ones even with distance
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What are humans?
social creatures

* gain strength through safe haven opportunities
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What is the concept of basic trust?
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* Erik Erikson: world is predictable + trustworthy
* seen in securely attached children
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What trend is usually seen with people who were securely attached as children?
* secure friendships
* secure relationship with parent
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Those with secure relationships with their mothers usually what?
Have : good grades + strong friendships
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What are two forms that may come out of being insecurely attached as a child?
Anxious attachment: crave acceptance but alert to possible rejection

* can annoy relationship partners

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Avoidant attachment: discomfort in getting close to others, keeps their distance

* decreases commitment
* increases conflict
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What was seen in children left in understaffed Romanian orphanges during the 1908s later?
impaired brain, cognitive, and social development

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What happens when children raised in family homes from an early age?
do better on intelligence tests
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What were seen in Harlows’ monkeys when raised in total isolation?
* cowered in fright
* lashed with aggression
* sexual maturity→ unable to mate
* females who had babies→ neglectful, abusive/muurderous
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What trend is seen in isolated children later in their lives?
* unloved becomes the unloving
* 30% of those abused→ also abused children
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Childhood abuse victims→
doubled risk of depression later, troubled romantic relationships, poorer physical health

* especially at risk of depression if carrying gene variation→ stress hormone production
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What do apigenetics studies show about experience and genes?
severe child abuse→ affects normal expression

* increased risk of health problems
* psychological disorders
* substance abuse
* criminalism
* earlier death(especially in women)
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What is a more positive effect of hardship in childhood?
mental toughness

* many unloved does not become unloving
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What are wealthy children more at risk of?
* substance abuse
* eating disorders
* anxiety
* depression
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What two traits make up parenting styles?
how responsive, how demading they are
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What are the four parenting styles?
Authoritarian, permissive, negligent, authoritative
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Authoritarian Parenting Style
coercive→ rules and expect obedience
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What are some examples of authoritarian parenting style?
* don’t interrupt
* keep your clean room
* “Why? Because I said so.”
* don’t stay out late or you’ll be grounded
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Permissive Parenting Style
Unrestraining, few demands, little punishment

* unwilling to set limits

Easy frustrated, low self control
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Negligent Parenting Style
uninvolved- not demanding/responsive

* careless, inattentive
* do not seek close relationship with children

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Low self esteem, emotionally detached
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What does authoritarian parenting result to
less social skill + self-esteem, brain over-reacts when mistakes are made
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Results of Permissive Parenting
More agressive + immature
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Results of Negligent Parenting
poor academic + social outcomes
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Authoritative Parenting Outcomes
highest self-esteem, self-reliance, self-regulation, and social competence

* “just right” parenting
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Correlation is not Causation!
* other factors explaining parenting-competence link
* children’s traits
* underlying third factor: social competence gene more likely, twins, etc
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What is Culture?
set of enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people

* handed down generations
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Western parenting
western families- value independence

* some even say: ur more special than other children
* no longer prioritize: obedience, respect, sensitivity
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Upper-class british parenting
nannies then 10-year-olds→ boarding school
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Asian + African parenting
* emotional closeness
* family self: child actions effects family reputation
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Traditional African Gusii Society parenting
* babies nursed freely, on mother/siblings; back
* lots of body contact
* little face-to-face + language interation
* mother pregnant again→ handed to to another family m.
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Adolescence
transition period from childhood→ adulthood

* puberty to independence
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How does Adolescence start?
physical event→ sexual maturity

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How does Adolescence ends?
Social event→ independent adult status
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Cultures where teens are self-supporting→
adolescence hardly exists
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Western cultures in terms of adolescence
sexual maturation=earlier, independence later→ adolescence= lengthening
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Relationship between early life stages and puberty
same sequence of changes
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All girls experience this when puberty takes place:
breast buds, pubic hair→ before menarche(first menstrual period)
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What is something that is not set in stone in terms of puberty?
timing: could be earlier or later
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What can happen with early maturation?
mental health problems attributed to stress+difficulties of transition
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How can a girl experience early maturation and effects?
body + hormone-fed feelings far beyond emotional maturity + friends’→ seek older teens→ teasing/sexual harassment

→ anxiety/depression
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What happens to the teenage brain?
pruning of unused neurons and connections

* frontal lobes continue to develop
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Frontal lobe maturation relationship with emotional limbic system
lags behind emotional limbic system development

* impulsiveness, risky behavior, emotional storms
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What are teens unable to do and more susceptible to?
making long term plans and curbing impulses

* weigh benefits of risky behaviors more heavily
* rewards more exciting