psychological disorders final

anorexia

pursuit of extreme thinness and extreme weight loss with a fear of being overweight

restrictive-type anorexia

weight-loss through dieting, fasting, excessive exercise

binge-eating/purging type anorexia

self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics

medical problems of anorexia

amenorrhea, low body temp, low blood pressure, reduced bone density, dry skin, lanugo

Bulimia

frequent binge-eating episodes followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or laxatives to avoid gaining weight

anorexia symptoms

taking in little nourishment, distorted body perception

bulimia symptoms

normal weight, secret binges, more obsessed with pleasing others, weekly for 3 months

binges

episodes of uncontrollable eating, where a person ingests a large quantity of food

binge symptoms

two hour period, high caloric food, lack of control, feelings of shame/disgust

binge-eating disorder

frequent binges without extreme compensatory acts

binge-eating disorder symptoms

recurring episodes, significant distress, overweight or obese

medical problems of binge-eating disorder

diabetes, increased blood pressure, increased cholesterol, heart disease risk

psychodynamic cause of eating disorders

ego deficiencies (lack of control), needs aren’t met, depend on parents for guidance

cognitive-behavioral causes of eating disorders

depression and body dissatisfaction (83% of girls experience this)

biological causes of eating disorders

relatives are 6x more likely to develop EDs, insula is large, orbitofrontal circuit is large, striatum is overactive, prefrontal cortex is small

weight set point

weight level is predisposed to maintain

societal pressures of eating disorders

western beauty standards, thinness believed as peak health and beauty, normative discontent, social media, television, family environment

enmeshed family pattern

over-involvement in family’s lives

developmental issues of EDs

young girls have a desire to be thin, middle schoolers begin dieting, high schoolers develop EDs or disordered eating habits

muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors

excessive eating or efforts to bulk up in men

eating disorder treatment

rehab, motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, antidepressants

average duration of eating disorders

six years, binge-eating is 14 years

drug

any substance other than food that affects our bodies and minds

substance intoxication

a cluster of temporary behavioral and psychological changes that develop after taking a substance

substance use disorder

pattern of long-term behaviors and reaction brought by repeated use of a substance

tolerance

needing larger doses of a substance to produce the desired effect

withdrawal

unpleasant symptoms that occur when someone stops taking a substance

types of substances

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

depressants

slows CNS activity; alcohol, sedatives, opioids

alcohol

ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

binge-drinking

consuming 5 or more drinks in one sitting

effects of alcohol

binds to GABA, disinhibition, sedation, motor impairment, relaxation

fetal alcohol syndrome

clusters of problems in babies caused by alcohol consumption in the womb; facial deformities, intellectual disabilities

types of sedatives

benzodiazapines, barbiturates

sedatives

produces feelings of relaxation and drowsiness

types of opioids

heroin, morphine, codeine, fentanyl, methadone

opioids

relieve pain

effects of opioids

depresses CNS, binds to emotion centers that receive endorphins

stimulants

increases CNS activity

types of stimulants

cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines, caffeine

cocaine

comes from coca leaf, can be chewed or processed into powder to be inhaled

cocaine effects

produces euphoria, increased energy, excitability, arousal, acts on dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

types of amphetamines

meth, adderall

uses for amphetamines

used to treat ADHD, asthma, weight loss

amphetamines effects

increased energy, alterness, reduced appetite

hallucinogens

causes powerful changes in sensory perception; LSD, ecstacy, MDMA, psilocybin

LSD effects

euphoria, sensory and auditory perceptions, changes in perceptions, heart tremors, poor coordination

cannabis

mix of hallucinogenic, stimulant and depressant effects

physiological effects of cannabis

red eyes, increased heart rate, bronchial dilation

main compunds of cannabis

THC and CBD

polysubstance use

combination of substances taken together

socioculutral causes of substance use disorder

stressful socioeconomic conditions, environment where drugs are accepted

psychodynamic causes of substance use disorder

parent failing to satisfy needs, personality traits leaving them prone to drug use (antisocial, impulsive, risk-taking)

cognitive causes of substance use disorder

operant conditioning due to rewarding effects, people with psychological disorders are more likely to medicate with drug, classical conditioning

biological causes of substance use disorder

genetic predisposition, tolerance and less neurotransmitters, reward circuit

treatment of substance use disorder

aversion therapy, uncover underlying needs, relapse-prevention therapy, acceptance-commitment therapy, drug maintenance therapy, AA, community prevention

schizophrenia

psychotic disorders impacting personal, social, and occupational functioning due to unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor irregularities

psychosis

losing contact with reality

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, unusual motor activity (responds to treatment)

negative symptoms

poverty of speech, blunted effect, loss of volition, social withdrawal (less responsive treatment)

delusions

strange false belief despite no basis in fact; persecution, reference, grandeur, control

hallucinations

experiencing sights, sounds, or other perceptions that are not externally there; auditory, tactile, somatic, visual, gustatory, olfactory

disorganized speech

loose associations, derailment, neologisms

poverty of speech (alogia)

decrease in speech or speech content

blunted effect

display little to no emotion compared to the average person

psychomotor symptoms

catatonia

biological causes of schizophrenia

possible genetic predispositions, biochemical irregularities, low interconnectivity between brain circuits, overactivation of HPA axis

psychological causes of schizophrenia

schizophrenogenic mothers, operant conditioning, misinterpretations

sociocultural causes of schizophrenia

stressful situations, social labeling, family stress

treatment of schizophrenia

antipsychotics, milieu therapy, token economy, psychotherapy, community care

antipsychotics

correct grossly confused or distorted thinking, relieves symptoms in 70% of patients

neurodevelopmental causes of schizophrenia

winter births, births during viral epidemics, famine, perinatal complications, faulty migration of neurons in second trimester, brain abnormalities

personality disorder

enduring rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs one’s sense of self, cognition, emotion, social interactions, impulsivity; maladaptive, inflexible, restricted

odd personality disorders

schizotypal, paranoid, schizoid

dramatic personality disorders

antisocial, borderline, narcissistic

high anxiety personality disorders

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

antisocial personality disorder

general pattern of disregard for and violation of people’s rights; lying, recklessness, impulsiveness, cruelty, linked to criminal behavior

causes of antisocial personality disorder

genetic predisposition, lower serotonin, deficiencies in brain, lack of guidance/discipline, low SES

treatment of antisocial personality disorder

typically ineffective

borderline personality disorder

repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, mood, impulsivity; bouts of anger, parasuicidality, mood swings

parasuicidality

intentional, acute, self-injurious activity

causes of borderline personality disorder

neglect/rejection, genetic predisposition, lower serotonin, rapidly changing culture

treatment for borderline personality disorder

dialectal behavior therapy, psychotropic drugs

narcissistic personality disorder

broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy

treatment of narcissistic personality disorder

clients are unable to acknowledge weaknesses, manipulate therapists, projection

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openess, and efficiency

causes of ocpd

anal retentive, illogical thinking processes

treatment of ocpd

may respond to CBT, psychodynamic therapy, SSRIs

seperation anxiety disorder

excessive anxiety, whenever the person is separated from home, parent or guardian

causes of separation anxeity disorder

extended family separations, depression

treatment for separation anxiety disorder

play therapy, antidepressants

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

severe rage/outbursts and a persistent irritable, angry mood

oppositional defiant disorder

children are repeatedly argumentative, defiant, angry, vindictive; hostility, annoy others, ignore rules

conduct disorder

children violate basic rights of others and display significant aggression; provoking fights, bullying, lying, skipping school, running away

treatment for conduct disorder

parenting interventions, residential treatment, prevention programs, anger coping programs

causes of conduct disorder

drug abuse, poverty, exposure to violence, family hostility

enuresis

involuntary, repeated bed-wetting or wetting clothes

treatment for enuresis

bell and paid technique, dry pad technique, most cases go away on their own

encopresis

repeatedly defecating in clothing

causes for encopresis

constipation, improper toilet training