unit 8/9

difference between 5 year plan and great leap forward

difference between 5 year plan and great leap forward

5 year plan resulted in more industry, as steel production in rural farms did not work worthless steel - pigsteel

similarities between 5 year plan and Great Leap Forward

Collectivized agriculture, resulted in many deaths

leaders of independence movements

westernized elites, educated middle class

green revolution

scientific developments brought to non industrialized nations that were toxic to environment

major centers of Cold War tensions

Vietnam, cuba, germany

glasnost

Gorbachev’s policy of openness and transparency of government activities to the people

perestroika

Gorbachev’s policy of economic openness

Mikhail Gorbachev

leader of the USSR that created policies that contributed to the nation’s downfall

context for Cold War

enormous cost and destruction of war meant that previous global powers were weakened significantly

USA and USSR became global superpowers

they had economic and technological advantages

USA economic advantages

• mobilization for ww2 created an economic turnaround to meet wartime demands

• no fighting happened on their land

• post war prosperity led to Marshall plan

marshall plan

the US helped pay for the rebuilding of war torn nations

USSR economic advantages

• economy was heavily directed by the state → rapid growth at the suffering and deaths of millions

• centralized command economy

• enormous access to natural resources and large population

technological advantages of the US and USSR

atomic and hydrogen bomb and space development- arms race to develop more than the other

democratic capitalism

free market and political participation → increased standard of living

authoritarian communism

strict government control and redistribution of wealth equally with no voice for the citizens

causes of the Cold War

1. conflicting ideologies

2. mutual mistrust

mutual mistrust during ww2

Stalin kept central and Eastern European nations under his communist control to act as a buffer zone between Russia and Europe

• US saw this as a violation of their agreement

• stalin also refused to let his occupational zone in Germany go (when it was temporary)

effects of Cold War

1. race to influence new independent states

2. new military alliances

3. nuclear weapons build up

4. proxy wars

non aligned movement of 1955

made up of leaders from India, Ghana, Indonesia, Egypt that represented new states that were formerly colonies

• aimed to escape from political social, and economic orders of the Cold War and did not want to be dependent on big powers

NATO (North Atlantic treaty organization)

alliance that included the US and western nations against USSR and the communist bloc

Warsaw Pact

alliance of communist states against western nations

cuban missle crisis

occurred after the US failed to oust communist leader fidel Castro → USSR sent weapons to Cuba because it was near the US → naval blockade formed by the US around Cuba → ended nuclear non proliferation treaty

proxy wars

indirect fightings with local wars in africa, Asia, and Latin America supported by both sides

• ex. korean war, Angola civil war, contra war

Chinese nationalist party

criticized because it was dependent on western powers → civil war

Japanese invasion of northern china

paused communist revolution and civil war in china

Mao Zedong policies

nationalized industry and redistributed land among peasants in a peaceful manner → economic growth

Great Leap Forward

economic plan to rapidly industrialize china through the development of heavy industry in rural areas

Suez Canal

highly strategic link between Europe and Asia

Suez Canal crisis

nationalist movement went ahead and proclaimed independence and implemented socialist reforms for Egypt and the canal from France and britain

• threatened European power → troops sent over

context for decolonization

after ww2, massive anti imperial movements broke out across the world when it became clear that was no intention of being granted independence for their efforts - imperial powers had no resources to resist

causes for decolonization

1. negotiated independence

2. armed conflict

indian independence was led by

newly formed middle class that became increasingly influenced by nationalism as a result of the Britain’s heavy investment in India economy

indian national congress (INC)

goal was to petition to the British government for more of a voice in indian policy

Mohandas gandhi

• led the nonviolent imperial resistance movement

• member and leader of the INC

• previously a lawyer (educated)

Kwame Nkrumah

leader of the Ghanan independence movement against Britain

cause of armed conflict

colonies with a large European settler population resisted decolonization

Algerian armed conflict

• many French citizens

• formation of the national liberation front to fight in a war

• negotiations took place for independence

angolan independence

• portugese vs 3 ethnic groups

• turned against each in the struggle for power over the new state → proxy war in Cold War

cause for political instability after new state formation

the colonial boundaries drawn during age of imperialism with no concern for ethnic tensions

indian conflict

partitioning into Pakistan and india

• Gandhi wanted India to stay united, but muslim league was skeptical of fair treatment

• led to mass migration and economic crisis

• violence erupted

• kashmir was fought over because muslim majority but hindu leader, UN stepped in

creation of Israel

• zionism (nationalistic ideology) gained traction among jews, so they wanted a land for their own

• Balfour declaration encouraged migration to palestine

• Arab muslims resisted but the UN split the state

• muslim Palestine took arms agains jewish Israel

balfour declaration

a pledge by the British to make Palestine a home for the jews

metropoles

the imperial country of colonial holdings

• ex. Britain was the metropole of India

migration to metropoles

occurred due to the cultural and economic connections built over the long history of colonialism

• immigrants had to suppress their own culture to fit in to society (European settlers didn’t have to)

the end of the Cold War

1. advancements of the US

2. troubles in afghanistan

3. Mikhail Gorbachev policies

detente period

mutual assured destruction was relaxed, signing of the strategic arms limitation treaty prohibiting future manufacturing of nuclear weapons

economic crisis in USSR

• caused by Ronald Reagans’s continuous spending on nuclear weapon development, and soviet’s inability to keep up

• soviet bloc countries continued to grow discontent with oppression

• foreign trade was limited

• government control of agriculture stifled the industry

troubles in Afghanistan

soviets waged a 9 year war against rebels against communism (backed by the US) that depressed their economy

perestroika

reduced central planning of government economic policies

glasnost

allowed criticism to the government

Mikhail Gorbachev policies

led to democratic reform movements and independence from loosening soviet grip

• ex. Berlin Wall was taken down

factors to the fall of communism

economic inefficiencies created by centralized economic planning + attempts to eliminate all economic and social inequalities

homespun movement

protest of britain’s economic dominance of india’s cotton industry by encouraging people to make their own clothes at home

salt march

british government made it illegal for indians to harvest their own salt (even though it was in high abundance) so gandhi led his followers to the sea where they harvested their own salt

montgomery bus boycott

nonviolent boycott led by MLK jr. that caused significant economic distress

apartheid

white minority rose to power after south Africa’s independence and legalized racial segregation

Nelson Mandela

• member of the african national congress that led nonviolent movements that later turned violent after the sharpeville massacre and treason trial

  • was jailed for 2 decades, but still ran for president and won the election

augusto Pinochet of Chile

• military coup leader who overthrew marxist leader top establish a dictatorship

  • violently suppressed opposition to his leadership

radio, television, cellular, internet

new communication technologies

automobiles, air travel, shipping containers

new transportation technologies

antibiotics, vaccines, birth control

new medical technologies

tuberculosis, malaria

diseases associated with poverty areas that did not have access to new developments

influenza after ww1, HIV/AIDS

epidemics that caused social disruption

environmental effects of globalization

• deforestation = urbanization, more farmland, pollution

• desertification (fertile to infertile land)

• decline in air quality (fossil fuels)

• increased competition over fresh water supply

• climate change/global warming → debates over its causes (human or natural)

Ronald Reagan

decreased taxes on the wealthy, against government spending on public services, cut spending on social welfare programs

economic effects of globalization

created interconnected global economy with a favored trend towards capitalism and free market

examples of neoliberalism

lowering of trade barriers like tariffs, deregulation of industry, and the transfer of public sector industries to private parties

maraget thatcher of Britain

deregulation of businesses, reduction in income taxes, privatization of state owned assets

effects of neoliberalism

• reduced inflation and increased economic growth

• undermined the power of labor unions and widened gap between rich and poor

chicago boys

addressed inflation and privatized state run businesses in Chile, reforms were reinforced with brutality with Pinochet

knowledge workers

wealthy nations invested more in education/innovation rather than factories

• teachers, engineers, lawyers

manufacturing

increasingly located in developing countries where international businesses could save money by paying lower wages to foreign workers

world trade organization (WTO)

exists to regulate trade on a global scale by assisting in negotiation of trade deals, acting as a moderator for various trade disputes, and creating initiatives to help developing countries along the scale of development

multinational corporations

employ knowledge workers in their own countries → manufacture goods for sale in other countries → sell those goods on a global market

world bank

funded reconstruction of Europe

international monetary fun (IMF)

facilitated monetary cooperation

global economic institutions

• promoted free trade and stability

• critiqued that it undermined local economies for global order

United Nations

League of Nations 2.0 without its weaknesses of having no authority

• goal: prevent war and facilitate cooperation

structure of the UN

general assembly: representatives from all member nations to discuss policies

security council: responsible for keeping peace, only 5 permanent positions between US, china, France, Russia, and the UK

consumer culture

a lifestyle devoted to spending money on mass produced material goods- promoted by the US and adopted globally (ex. KFC)

iron curtain

Winston Churchill’s metaphor describing the split between Western and Eastern Europe (West with capitalism/democracy, East with communism/authoritarianism)- physically manifested with Berlin Wall

how the Cold War was fought

1. proxy wars

2. arms race

3. alliances

4. propoganda

truman doctrine

the principle that the US should give aid to countries threatened by soviet forces

effect of decolonization in africa

many new states faced ethnic tensions and corrupt leadership following their independence

economic fallback in africa

former colonies had a tendency to export raw materials

mutual assured destruction

helped prevent the use of nuclear weapons

military industrial complex

close relationship between military and industry that develops weapons, leads to informal alliance between government and large defense contractors - gain too much power