SH-DRRM: Mod 7

Executive Order (EO) No. 335 April 1, 1941

• created the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA)

• signed by then President Manuel Quezon during the commonwealth period in

  anticipation of the war in Europe shifting to the Pacific

• the first real policy to safeguard civilian in grave emergencies

• allowed for the strengthening of the ff:

  1. military training of the youth,

  2. information awareness on first aid was given in schools and other groups,

  3. practice air raid drills

• was administered by the National Emergency Commission (NEC), which

  was chaired by a member of the President’s Cabinet, the National Defense

  Secretary

the CEA aims to…

provide coordination and control of civilian organizations for the protection of civil population in extraordinary and emergency conditions

Republic Act (RA) 1190: August 30, 1954

- President of Ramon Magsaysay established the National Civil Defense Administration (NCDA), a body under the Office of the President, whose mandate, similar to EO 355 of 1941, is to “provide protection and welfare to the civilian population in times of war and other national emergencies”.

- RA 1190 initiated the National Civil Defense Council (NCDC). This later became the pattern for other national councils created.

The RA 1190 allowed for the creation of councils:

1. provincial,

2. city and

3. municipal civil defense councils.

Each local defense council organized their own National Defense Organizations, and these organizations form sub-operating services, such as:

1. the warden,

2. police,

3. fire,

4. health,

5. rescue and engineering,

6. emergency welfare,

7. transportation,

8. communication,

9. evacuation, air-raid warning and auxiliary services

Presidential Decree (PD) 1566: June 11, 1978

- issued by President Ferdinand Marcos,

- established the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) as the highest policy making body and focal organization for disaster management in the Philippines

- its main objective was to capacitate and reinforce the national disaster management mechanism and to create a national disaster management framework that organized a disaster preparedness program at the national and community levels

- The law provided for the establishment of Disaster Coordinating Councils (DCC) in Regional, Provincial, City, Municipal and barangay levels

Main Highlights of PD 1566

1. the creation of a National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC);

2. the promulgation of efficient disaster coordination by creating Regional and Local Disaster Coordinating Councils;

3. the drafting of a National Calamities and Disaster Preparedness Plan;

4. the NDCC was chaired by the Secretary of National Defense; and

5. the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) was tasked to execute and monitor the implementation of the policies and programs of the NDCC, while providing secretariat support for the whole Council.

Republic Act (RA) 10121: May 27, 2010

- DRRM Act of 2010, signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, created the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), essentially renaming the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) but maintaining most of its organizational structure.

- envisions a country that have “safer, adaptive and disaster-resilient communities for sustainable development.”

- aim is to empower leaders and communities and to develop the “right mindset” and positive behavioral changes towards reducing and managing risks and lessening the effects of disasters

THE NATIONAL DRRM FRAMEWORK (NDRRMF)

Provides a responsive and proactive manner of addressing disasters through a framework that:

• Prioritizes on community level DRRM, focusing on the most vulnerable sectors (i.e., the poor, the sick, people with disabilities, the elderly, women and children)

• Recognizes the important role and strengthens capacities of local communities

• Ensures broad‐based and greater participation from Civil Society

• Addresses root causes of disaster risks

The Key Players of NDRRMF

1. National Government

2. Local Government

3. Civil Society

4. Community

Salient Features of NDRMMF

• Strengthened institutional mechanism for DRRM

• Integrated, coordinated, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction

• Coherent with international framework (Hyogo Framework)

• Adherence to universal norms, principles, and standards of humanitarian assistance

• Good governance through transparency and accountability

• Empowerment of local government units (LGUs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) as key partners in disaster risk reduction

• Integration of the DRRM into the educational system

• Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (DRRMF) at the national and local levels

• Provided guidelines on the declaration of a state of calamity,

HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION (2005-2015)

• Served as basis of RA 10121

• A plan to make the world safer from hazards

• Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters

• Adopted by 168 Governments (including the Philippines) at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, 18-22 January 2005

What were the five separate priorities for action of the Hyogo Framework?

1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation;

2. Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning;

3. Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels;

4. Reduce underlying risk factors; and

5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels

Key Players of Hyogo Framework

1. States (countries)

2. Regional organizations and institution

3. International Organizations (including UN System and IFIs)

SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (2015-2030)

- A new framework for 2015- 2030 adopted by World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (March 2015, Sendai, Japan)

- Shift from disaster management focus (HFA) to disaster risk reduction

- Scope: small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters,

- It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors

Four priorities for action of the Sendai Framework.

Priority 1. Understanding disaster risk

Priority 2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk

Priority 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience

Priority 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

The Sendai framework has seven Global Targets, these are:

1. Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000 global mortality rate in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-2015.

2. Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020 -2030 compared to the period 2005-2015.

3. Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030.

4. Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030.

5. Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020.

6. Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this Framework by 2030.

7. Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

UNFCCC is an international treaty which was ratified in 1992 by 197 parties/countries.

This serves as the framework for international cooperation to combat climate change by:

1. limiting average global temperature increases and the resulting climate change, and

2. coping with impacts of climate change

Conference of Parties (COP)

is the supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC

• all States that are Parties to the Convention are represented in the ___

• ___ meetings serve as venue where they review the implementation of the Convention and any other legal instruments that the ___ adopts and take decisions

KYOTO PROTOCOL

- By 1995, COP launched negotiations to strengthen the global response to climate change, and, two years later, adopted the Kyoto Protocol

- The Kyoto Protocol legally binds developed country Parties to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets of 5% cut from emission outputs in 1990

- The agreement places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities.’

- Countries like China and India who were not considered as developed countries were excluded from having emission reduction targets because the above principle

Carbon Market

allows countries that have emission units to spare or emissions permitted them but not "used", to sell this excess capacity to countries that have exceeded over and beyond their targets

Joint Implementation (JI) & Clean Dev't Mechanism (CDM)

the two project-based mechanisms which feed the carbon market.

Joint Implementation (JI)

enables industrialized countries to carry out joint implementation projects with other developed countries (usually countries with economies in transition)

Clean Dev't Mechanism (CDM)

involves investment in sustainable development projects that reduce emissions in developing countries.

carried out in developing countries

Why was the Kyoto Protocol considered a failure?

o The Protocol was flawed from the start for non-participation of three countries with the highest share of global CO2 emissions: China, India and US.

o Only 21 countries mostly minor emitters met their targets (e.g. Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Ukraine, combined account for only about 1% CO2 emissions).

o Many countries failed to live up to their commitments to stay with the agreement

What then was the main contribution of the Kyoto Protocol’?

- a mechanism on how to measure a countries GHG emissions was developed

: the protocol paved way for testing mechanisms like emissions ratings and systems of accounting GHG emissions

PARIS ACCORD

seeks to accelerate actions and investment needed for a sustainable low carbon future.

Central aim of the Paris Accord are to strengthen response to threat of climate change by:

o keeping a global temperature rise this century < 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels

o pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees C

The accord also aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change.

Key Elements of the Paris Agreement

o set countries’ minimum obligations

o implements mechanisms to urge additional action in developing countries

o supports most vulnerable countries in addressing climate change, and

o establishes systems to hold countries to their commitments.

- The Paris agreement includes commitments that go beyond 2020, a greater ambition than in the previous commitments.

- Emissions reduction commitments reflect their levels of development and capabilities.

e.g..

- US and EU committed to economy-wide emissions reduction targets (e.g., cuts below 2005 levels)

- Developing countries and emerging economies committed targets reflecting their level of development and historic contributions to CC

- The 187 countries responsible for more than 97 % of the world’s climate pollution announced specific reduction plans (known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)