a predictive index that suggests the motivating potential in a job
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MPS formula
(skill variety + task identity + task significance)/3 x autonomy x feedback
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growth need strength
the personal need and desire for personal growth on the job, moderator for Job Characteristics Model
42
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Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS)
a questionnaire that measures 5 core job characteristics
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job enrichment
redesigning jobs to increase amount of responsibility, give manager responsibilities to workers and improve motivation
44
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Equity Theory
the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outcomes compared to others in similar positions
45
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underpayment inequity
inputs > outcomes, lowers motivation
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overpayment inequity
outcomes >inputs
47
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Expectancy Theory VIE
workers weight costs and benefits before acting: valence, instrumentality, expectancy
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VIE
Valence: Degree of desirability Instrumentality: The effect that the behavior has on other outcomes Expectancy: Effort to productivity
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comparison other
some person who seems to provide an intuitive frame of reference for judging equity
50
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employee engagement
when employees are connected to, satisfied with, and enthusiastic about their jobs, psychological state
51
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inclusion
can be true self and accepted for it
52
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global approach
views job satisfaction as an overall construct throughout the job
53
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facet approach
views job satisfaction as made up of individual elements, or facets
54
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Benefits of facet approach
Targeted, specific, detailed
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Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)
a self-report measure of job satisfaction that breaks satisfaction down into 20 job facets, uses a scale of satisfaction and gives cost effective normative data
56
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Job Descriptive Index (JDI)
a self-report job satisfaction rating scale measuring five job facets
57
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Negative of JDI
Summing scores may not be the most accurate but are regular revised and improved
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MSQ vs JDI
Not sure how many facets are needed
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Good Job Performance causes a happy worker
Job Satisfaction Motto
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Porter-Lawler Model
Job satisfaction and performance aren't linked directly good performance -> rewards -> job satisfaction
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organizational commitment
a worker's feelings and attitudes about the entire work organization
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Organizational Commitment Questionnaire
15 item self measure for org. commitment
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affective commitment
a desire to remain a member of an organization due to an emotional attachment to, and involvement with, that organization
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continuance commitment
organizational commitment based on the fact that an individual cannot afford to leave
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normative commitment
a desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation
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cognitive dissonance
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
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Turnover intention
job attitude reflecting how likely employees are to quit their current jobs as soon as they get the chance
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Employee engagement
Reduces Turnover intention
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Employees likely to turnover
productive employees with little rewards Little influence and confidence in a new job
70
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Job Rotation
Changes monotone aspect
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Job Enlargement
increasing the number of different tasks in a given job by changing the division of labor w/o responsibility increase
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skill-based pay
compensation system that pays employees for learning additional skills or knowledge, seen as fair
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merit pay
a system of linking pay increases to ratings on performance appraisals
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Downfalls of Merit Pay
Hard to be objective, may affect group dynamics
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Percentage of pay increase to matter
greater than 7%
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Gainsharing
group incentive program that measures improvements in productivity and effectiveness and compensates
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profit sharing
incentive pay in which payments are a percentage of the organization's profits, works better in small companies
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Benefits of profit sharing
Increases sense of ownership, increases motivation, commitment, and productivity
79
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Employee ownership
a program where employees own all or part of an organization
80
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direct ownership
employees as sole owners of org
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Employee stock ownership
part of a benefit package and acquire shares over time (-expensive, +offset in commitment)
82
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FSCC
Increase in commitment via: Financially rewarding, Substantial financial contributions, Committed Management, Communication
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compressed workweek
compresses days of work but increased hours in a day (- exhausting)
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flex time
A system of working that allows an employee to choose, within limits, the hours for starting and leaving work each day.
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cafeteria-style employee benefits
programs that allow workers to choose the benefits that best meet their personal needs
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Benefit Costs
Are increasing
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positive affect
Pleasant emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest that affect workplace
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8 Models of stress
- reaction to threats - Not the right fit ( for the job) - Stressful event vs confidence in handling it
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Stressor
an event or situation that is seen as a threat
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Worker stress
reaction to stress
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Distress
negative stress
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Eustress
positive stress
93
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Arousal
up heart rate and blood pressure
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Long term stress
perpetual process leading to turnover
95
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Situational Stress
Conditions in environments in life that cause stress
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Work Overload
work requires excessive output. effort ( e- overload) lowers work quality and increases dissatisfaction
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Underutilization
feeling of too little work and not using knowledge
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Interpersonal stress
stress arising from difficulties with others in the workplace
99
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emotional labor
Demand of regulating emotions in workplace
100
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Type A behavior pattern
a pattern of behavior characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, impatience with others, and inability to relax