Phys of Aging Exam

Exam

Pathological vs. Predestined Aging

Sarcopenia is considered a pathological condition and not a predestined part of aging. Sarcopenia refers to the age-related decline in muscle mass, strength, and function

Age of Physiological Decline

Most physiological declines typically begin around 25-30 years of age

Rate of Living Theory

faster an organism’s metabolism, the shorter its lifespan

Accumulation Theory

Functional decline with aging results from the accumulation of byproducts from cellular metabolism

Age of Weight Decrease

A decrease in weight tends to occur around 70 years of age

Walking Economy

Walking economy refers to the amount of energy required (metabolic cost) to travel 1.5 mph.

RMR and Aging

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) declines with older age

Muscle Mass and RMR

Loss in muscle mass causes RMR to decline

RMR in Sedentary Older Adults

Higher RMR in older sedentary adults may be indicative of disease burden

Oxidative Stress

Chronic elevations in oxidative/aerobic metabolism may result in oxidative stress

Exercise Economy

is the measure of the amount of energy required (metabolic cost) to travel 1.5 mph. Regular aerobic and resistance training can improve walking economy

Predominant Energy System in Older Age

Older age results in a greater reliance on the aerobic energy system

Metabolic Enzyme Improvement

The activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a metabolic enzyme, improves with aerobic exercise (AEX) even in older adults.

Muscle Fiber Type Shift

Older age results in a greater shift to Type I muscle fibers

Impact of IMAT Infiltration

results in low muscle quality

Age Range of Muscle Fiber Size Decrease

Major decrements in muscle fiber size occur within the 60-80 years age range

Muscle Fiber Loss and Motor Units

Loss of total muscle fibers that occurs with older age is closely related to a loss of alpha motor units

FNIH Definition of Sarcopenia

definition of sarcopenia includes appendicular lean mass adjusted for body mass index (ALM/BMI) and low muscle strength

SPPB

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is a test for physical function that includes balance, gait speed, and chair stand

Muscle power needed to rise from a chair

The minimum muscle power needed to rise from a chair is 0.3 W/kg

Four Square Step Test Fall Risk

a time ≥ 15s is indicative of greater fall risk

EWGSOP Handgrip Strength Cutoff (Women)

According to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the cutoff for handgrip strength in women is <20 kg

Skeletal Muscle Perfusion

Skeletal muscle capillaries are necessary for adequate perfusion of skeletal muscle3.

TUG Test Fall Risk

A time greater than or equal to 12s in the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is indicative of greater fall risk.

Endogenous Antioxidant Examples

Examples of endogenous antioxidants include SOD, GPX, and catalase.

Decline of VO2max in Active Older Adults

The rate of decline of VO2max that occurs with older age in highly active individuals is 5% per decade

Muscle Glycogen Levels and Aging

Muscle glycogen levels are reduced with older age.

Muscle Mass Decline by Age 50

In inactive individuals, the percent decline in muscle mass that occurs by 50 years old is approximately 10%

Exercise to Improve Skeletal Muscle Capillarization

Aerobic exercise has been shown to best improve skeletal muscle capillarization

Muscle Morphology Changes with Age

Three ways in which muscle morphology changes with older age (independent of physical activity status) include:

• Reduced number of fibers

• Reduced fiber size (cross-sectional area)

• Shift to more type 1 fibers (smaller)

Exogenous

• Vitamins

• quercetin(apple skin)

• Resveratrol(red wine)

• Coco flavonoid

• curcumin