ch 9- fluid, electrolyte, & pH balance

Egg whites have a pH of 8. Does that make them an acid or a base?

A base

Select only the correct statements concerning pH changes:

• When carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) is broken down, blood pH rises.

• Respiratory alkalosis is the result of hyperventilation.

• Respiratory acidosis is the result of hypoventilation.

• When carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) is formed, blood pH falls.

Which kind of fluid does the body have the highest volume of?

Intracellular fluid (cytosol)

Metabolic buffering would mostly depend on _______________ increases and decreases. 

bicarbonate

Red wine has a pH of 3.0. Does that make it an acid or a base?

An acid

The exclusive extracellular chemical buffer system is the _______________ system

carbonic acid-bicarbonate

Renal buffering is mostly dependent on changes in _____________ concentrations.

bicarbonate

Hypoventilation leads to:

Respiratory acidosis

ADH release is triggered by all the following, except _______________.

decreased aldosterone

Which of these statements about bases is true?

Bases make the pH of a solution get higher.

Sever kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to ______________________.

metabolic acidosis

Prolonged vomiting can result in _________.

metabolic alkalosis

About two-thirds of the body fluid is in the _________.

ICF

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF 

Substances that can carry electrical currents across cell membranes are called ________.

electrolytes

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, all the following will occur, except _____________________.

kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions

The principal anion(s) in the intracellular fluid is (are) _________.

proteins

The hormone that most strongly stimulates thirst is __________.

angiotensin II

The result of renin release from the kidney will do all the following, except ________________.

increase blood potassium

A patient presents in the emergency room with a low blood pH & high blood CO₂. A chest x-ray confirms that this patient has pneumonia.

 

Based on this patient's symptoms & diagnosis, which kind of pH disorder does this patient have?

Respiratory acidosis

Sever kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to ______________________.

metabolic acidosis

The principal cation in the intracellular fluid is _________.

potassium

Sodium (Na⁺) __ an example of an electrolyte

It is more concentrated _____our body's cells.

is

outside of

Which hormone(s) is(are) released by the heart muscle in response to excessive blood volume?

natriuretic peptides

Which kind of fluid does the body have the highest volume of?

Intracellular fluid (cytosol)

The principal cation in the extracellular fluid is ________.

sodium

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

ADH

Which of the following descriptions best fit the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

Consequence of hyperventilation

Substances that can carry electrical currents across cell membranes are called ________.

electrolytes

Which buffering system is the fastest in adjusting pH?

Respiratory 

A person with a pH of 7.25 would _________________.

have acidosis

A patient presents in the emergency room with a low blood pH & high blood CO₂. A chest x-ray confirms that this patient has pneumonia.

 

Based on this patient's symptoms & diagnosis, which kind of pH disorder does this patient have?

Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

consequence of prolonged vomiting 

Renin release is triggered by all the following, except

high plasma potassium

The exclusive extracellular chemical buffer system is the _______________ system

carbonic acid-bicarbonate

When a person has edema, where is the excess body water located?

In interstitial fluid

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by _________.

the kidneys

Coffee has a pH of 5. Does that make it an acid or a base?

An acid

The majority of body fluids reside in the _______________. 

ICF

The ions in highest concentration in the ICF are ____________.

proteins, potassium, and phosphate 

Proteins are higher in intracellular fluid & plasma than in extracellular fluid.

True

Sever kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to ______________________.

metabolic acidosis

Potassium (K⁺) ___ an example of an electrolyte.

It is more concentrated _____ our body's cells.

is

inside of

Select the factors that stimulate aldosterone release:

• Angiotensin II

• high serum potassium 

• sympathetic activation

• ACTH release

Lemon juice has a pH of 2. Does that make it an acid or a base?

An acid

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone _________________.

PTH

Consuming a meal high in salt will ___________.

result in a temporary increase in blood volume 

The principal cation in the extracellular fluid is ________.

sodium

fluid found between the membranes of body cavities

Serosal

fluid that circulates as part of the immune system

Lymph

fluid of the central nervous system

CSF

fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye

Aqueous

fluid component of blood

plasma

Which kind of fluid does the body have the highest volume of?

Intracellular fluid (cytosol)

A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk of __________.

respiratory alkalosis

A person with COPD will exhibit signs of ______.

chronic respiratory acidosis 

Chemical buffers adjust high acidity by eliminating extra H+ ions from the body.

False

The enzyme ACE _________________.

converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

The result of renin release from the kidney will do all the following, except ________________.

increase blood potassium

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

aldosterone

An unconscious person has a pH of 7.52 with a decreased CO₂ level and a normal HCO₃. This patient is suffering from ___________________.

respiratory alkalosis

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by _________.

the kidneys

When a person has edema, where is the excess body water located?

In interstitial fluid

Exchange between the two main subdivision of the ECF occurs primarily at the _________________.

capillaries

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding hydrogen ions is called a(n) ____.

buffer

Which chemical buffer system is limited to the ICF and urine?

phosphate

Chloride (Cl^-) ___ an example of an electrolyte.

It is more concentrated ___our body's cells.

is

outside of

Egg whites have a pH of 8. Does that make them an acid or a base?

A base

Renal buffering is mostly dependent on changes in _____________ concentrations.

bicarbonate

Prolonged vomiting can result in _________.

metabolic alkalosis

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance in _____________.

sodium ions

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by _________.

the kidneys

An unconscious person has a pH of 7.52 with a decreased CO₂ level and a normal HCO₃. This patient is suffering from ___________________.

respiratory alkalosis

Renin release is triggered by all the following, except

high plasma potassium

Aldosterone is associated with all the following, except ____________________.

helps decrease blood volume

Which of the following descriptions best fit the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

Consequence of hyperventilation

When a person has edema, where is the excess body water located?

In interstitial fluid

The principal anion(s) in the intracellular fluid is (are) _________.

proteins

Coffee has a pH of 5. Does that make it an acid or a base?

An acid

Chloride (Cl^-) _______ an example of an electrolyte.

It is more concentrated _______

our body's cells.

is

outside of

Coffee has a pH of 5. Does that make it an acid or a base?

An acid

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding hydrogen ions is called a(n) ____.

buffer

Prolonged vomiting can result in _________.

metabolic alkalosis

Select only the thigs that trigger ADH release.

• increased sodium

• increased osmolality

• decreased plasma volume

• dehydration

When pure water is consumed,

osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall 

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop ___.

metabolic acidosis

All the following are true of ADH, except __________.

activates the RAA system 

Which of the following descriptions best fit the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

Consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation

Proteins are higher in extracellular fluid than in intracellular fluid or plasma.

False

The ions in highest concentration in the ICF are ____________.

proteins, potassium, and phosphate 

A person with a pH of 7.65 would ___________________.

have alkalosis

Select the factors that stimulate aldosterone release:

• ACTH release

• high serum potassium 

• Angiotensin II

• sympathetic activation

When a person has edema, where is the excess body water located?

In interstitial fluid

What does it mean that sodium is an electrolyte?

It helps to conduct electricity when it is dissolved in water.

Aldosterone is associated with all the following, except ____________________.

helps decrease blood volume

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by _________.

the kidneys

The majority of body fluids reside in the _______________. 

ICF

Sever kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to ______________________.

metabolic acidosis

Which kind of fluid does the body have the highest volume of?

Intracellular fluid (cytosol)

Prolonged vomiting can result in _________.

metabolic alkalosis