2. Peri-natal losses in piglets (classifying, characteristics)

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1
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What is the period during which perinatal losses of piglets occur?

From farrowing to the 5th day

2
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What percentage of piglet losses can perinatal deaths account for?

Up to 50%

3
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What are examples of causes of peri-natal losses in piglets?

  1. Factors related to the sow

  2. Pale pig syndrome (navel bleeding)

  3. Hypoglycaemia

  4. Hypothermia

  5. Developmental defects

  6. Infectious causes

4
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What is the most common cause of death for suckling piglets?

Trauma or crushing by the mother

5
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What are examples of factors related to the sow causing peri-natal losses in piglets?

  1. Trauma/crushing by the mother

  2. Diseases of the mammary gland

  3. Complicated/prolonged parturition

  4. Insufficient nutrition

  5. Cannibalism

6
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What can cause trauma or crushing of piglets by the mother?

Musculoskeletal disorders of the mother or overweight

7
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What diseases of the mammary gland can affect piglets?

Agalactia, MMA/PPDS, and mammary hypoplasia

8
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What is the name of complicated or prolonged parturition in sows?

Dystocia

9
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What is the potential result of insufficient nutrition in sows?

Poor milk production leading to piglet issues

10
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What is a risk associated with first-time mother sows?

Cannibalism, where they may eat their piglets

11
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What is pale pig syndrome?

A condition where piglets are born pale and anaemic due to:

  1. Anoxia during farrowing → blood pools into the placenta → blood not recalled before birth. Usually from old sows with large litters

  2. Continual bleeding from the umbilicus resulting in anaemia

12
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What happens if a piglet is born and the umbilical cord is separated too soon?

The piglet will be born pale and anaemic due to blood pooling in the placenta

13
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What is the treatment for navel bleeding in piglets?

Clamping the umbilicus 2-3 cm from the skin with a ligature or umbilical clip, followed by disinfection

<p>Clamping the umbilicus 2-3 cm from the skin with a ligature or umbilical clip, followed by disinfection</p>
14
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What is hypoglycaemia in piglets?

A condition of low blood glucose levels, occurring usually within the first 12-24 hours after birth

15
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What causes hypoglycaemia in piglets?

Limited glycogen reserves in the liver and decreased milk intake due to poor milk yield or environmental factors

16
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What are the clinical signs of hypoglycaemia in piglets?

Sternal recumbency, shivering, hypothermia, paddling, convulsions, coma, and potentially death within 36-48 hours

<p>Sternal recumbency, shivering, hypothermia, paddling, convulsions, coma, and potentially death within 36-48 hours</p>
17
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What is the normal blood glucose range for healthy piglets?

5-6.6 mmol/l

18
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How is hypoglycaemia in piglets diagnosed?

Clinical signs, Blood glucose levels: 1.5-2 mmol/l

19
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What is the treatment for hypoglycaemia in piglets?

Milk, glucose (10 ml of 5-10% glucose intraperitoneally every 4-6 hours), and warmth (30-35 °C)

Very small piglets do better getting 2.5 % glucose

20
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What is the ideal environmental temperature to prevent hypoglycaemia in piglets?

30-35 °C

21
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What is the prevention for hypoglycaemia in piglets?

  1. Optimal temperature of housing environment (30-35 °C)

  2. Ensure sows are producing milk

  3. Encourage milk drinking for smaller piglets (colostrum ingestion is important)

  4. Supplementary feeding

22
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What is hypothermia in piglets?

A condition where the body temperature drops below 37 °C

23
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Why are piglets at risk for hypothermia?

They have insufficient thermoregulation and lack brown fat, requiring glucose to maintain body temperature → hypoglycaemia

24
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What are the signs of hypothermia in piglets?

Shivering, huddling, erect hair coat, cold skin, followed by lethargy, reduced mobility, tremors, and convulsions

<p>Shivering, huddling, erect hair coat, cold skin, followed by lethargy, reduced mobility, tremors, and convulsions</p>
25
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How is hypothermia in piglets diagnosed?

Clinical signs, rectal temperature

26
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What is the treatment for hypothermia in piglets?

Providing milk, glucose, and local heating

27
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What is the ideal local environment temperature for piglets?

30-35 °C, decreasing after 1 week

28
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What are examples of developmental/congenital defects of piglets?

  1. Splay leg (congenital myopathy)

  2. Congenital tremor

  3. Hydrocephalus

  4. Meningoencephalocele

  5. Arthrogryposis

  6. Cleft palate

  7. Atresia ani et recti

29
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What is splay leg in piglets?

A genetic disorder causing immaturity of muscle fibres in the hind legs, leading to an inability to keep the legs together

<p>A genetic disorder causing immaturity of muscle fibres in the hind legs, leading to an inability to keep the legs together</p>
30
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What can worsen the condition of splay leg in piglets?

Slippery or smooth floors

31
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What is the cause of splay leg?

  1. Genetic (meat breeds like landrace)

  2. Inadequate nutrition of pregnant sow → choline, selenium, vitamin E

  3. Mycotoxin.

32
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What are the clinical signs of splay leg?

Seen 1-3 days pp.

  1. Weak, “Dog sitting” position of legs

  2. Hind legs (or front legs → less frequent) held out laterally. Unable to stand

<p>Seen 1-3 days pp.</p><ol><li><p>Weak, “Dog sitting” position of legs</p></li><li><p>Hind legs (or front legs → less frequent) held out laterally. Unable to stand</p></li></ol><p></p>
33
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What is the treatment for splay leg in piglets?

Loosely binding the hind legs together with a 5-8 cm gap for 7-10 days and supportive care to help them suckle

<p>Loosely binding the hind legs together with a 5-8 cm gap for 7-10 days and supportive care to help them suckle</p>
34
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What is congenital tremor in piglets?

Shaking and tremor of the muscles of the head and body, affecting more than one piglet in a litter but not all piglets

35
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What are common causes of congenital tremor in piglets?

  1. Genetic (Landrace and Saddleback breeds)

  2. Teratogens

  3. Infectious (CSF, PCV-2 (porcine circovirus), and Aujeszky’s disease)

36
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What is the treatment for congenital tremors?

No specific treatment. Confine, warm, put to suckle

37
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What is hydrocephalus in piglets?

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain

<p>Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain</p>
38
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What is meningoencephalocele in piglets?

Protrusion of the brain and meninges

<p>Protrusion of the brain and meninges</p>
39
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What is arthrogryposis in piglets?

A lethal disorder where the joints of the legs are fixed or curved, often caused by prenatal viral infection, plant or chemical poison, hyperthermia, or dietary (Mg) deficiency

<p>A lethal disorder where the joints of the legs are fixed or curved, often caused by prenatal viral infection, plant or chemical poison, hyperthermia, or dietary (Mg) deficiency</p>
40
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What is cleft palate in piglets?

A congenital defect where the roof of the mouth is not properly formed

<p>A congenital defect where the roof of the mouth is not properly formed</p>
41
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What is atresia ani et recti in piglets?

A condition where the rectum ends blindly and does not connect to the anus, 100% lethal in males and may communicate with the vagina in females

<p>A condition where the rectum ends blindly and does not connect to the anus, 100% lethal in males and may communicate with the vagina in females</p>
42
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What are common pathogens causing neonatal diarrhoea in piglets?

Cystoisospora, coronavirus, rotavirus, Clostridium perfringens, and E. coli

43
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What digestive tract congenital abnormality is fatal?

Atresia ani et recti

44
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How is cystoisospora treated?

Toltrazuril