AP United States History Vocabulary

"Phony war"

During World War II Hitler removed his forces from Poland to focus his efforts in France and Britain. All of Europe fell rather silent at the shock of Hitler's move. This silence and period of inactivity in Europe came to an end when Hitler again moved his forces, and attacked the weaker Norway and Denmark. The period of silence in Europe was known as the phony war.

Example: "After Germany's rapid conquest of Poland, the surprising lull in major military operations that followed became known as the 'phony war,' a period that lulled France and Britain into a false sense of security before Hitler launched his devastating western offensive."

"supply-side economics"

The nickname given to the type of economy that Ronald Reagan brought before Congress. It involved, among other things, a 25% tax cut that encouraged budgetary discipline and would hopefully spur investments. However, the plan was not a success and the economy was sent into its deepest recession since the 1930's.

Example: "President Reagan championed supply-side economics, arguing that cutting taxes for businesses and high-income earners would stimulate investment and ultimately benefit all Americans, though critics contended the policy deepened economic inequality and worsened the deficit."

2nd Bank of the United States

It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.

Example: "The         , a centerpiece of Henry Clay's American System, attempted to stabilize the post-War of 1812 economy but instead contributed to the Panic of 1819 by forcing state banks to call in loans, triggering widespread foreclosures."

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter.".

Example: "Attorney General          orchestrated sweeping raids against suspected radicals and immigrants during the Red Scare of 1919-1920, reflecting the intense national anxiety over communist influence in the aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution."

Abraham Lincoln

Nicknamed "Old Abe" and "Honest Abe"; born in Kentucky to impoverished parents and mainly self-educated; a Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas (a Democrat) in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he loss victory to senatorship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was.

Example: "Although          won the presidential election of 1860 without carrying a single Southern state, his victory as a Republican committed to restricting the expansion of slavery prompted several Southern states to begin the process of secession before he even took office."

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Example: "Maryland's          in 1649 extended religious freedom to all Christians in the colony, reflecting the proprietor's need to protect the Catholic minority from the growing Protestant majority who had begun settling the region."

Admiral de Grasse

Admiral de Grasse operated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies. He advised America he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown. Rochambeau's French army defended British by land and Admiral de Grasse blockaded them by sea. This resulted in Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781.

Example: "The decisive American victory at Yorktown in 1781 was made possible in large part by         , whose French fleet successfully blockaded the Chesapeake Bay and prevented British naval reinforcement of Cornwallis's trapped army."

Adolf Hitler

A very crude leader that took advantage of a disillusioned and depression-stricken nation. After the Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for WWI, Hitler lead the nation into WWII under the "big lie." He was a manipulative and feared dictator that vented his anger on the Jewish Nation.

Example: "         exploited the economic despair and nationalist resentment produced by the Treaty of Versailles to consolidate dictatorial power in Germany, ultimately leading the nation into a catastrophic world war and perpetrating the Holocaust."

Affirmative Action

Affirmative Action: programs designed to encourage employers and colleges to hire or accept more minorities and women to even out the workforce, eliminate racism in the hiring process, and improve the lives of impoverished minorities in America. The programs were opposed by many as reverse discrimination against those who were not hired in an effort to keep the workplace ethnically diverse.

Example: "         policies implemented in the 1960s and 1970s required universities and employers to actively recruit minority candidates, generating fierce debate over whether such measures corrected historical injustice or constituted reverse discrimination against non-minority applicants."

Affordable Care Act

Passed in 2010, this Act demanded households with incomes above $250,000 to pay higher taxes as a means to bring about health care reform. It also decreed that medicare will operate with the notion of “payment bundling,” the idea that hospitals, doctors, and other healthcare providers should be paid on the basis of patient outcome, not services provided. Commonly called “Obamacare,” it was designed to grant healthcare to a wider range of people . Its significance lies in that the Act tried to clean up a well-established healthcare crisis in America.

Example: "The          of 2010, often called Obamacare, represented the most sweeping overhaul of the American healthcare system since Medicare, extending coverage to millions of previously uninsured citizens while raising taxes on higher-income households to fund the expansion."

Agrarian

Means having to do with agriculture. The agrarian society were the farmers and plantation owners of the south. This was the society that Jefferson wanted to see become the future of America. He appreciated the many virtuous and beneficial characteristics.

Example: "Thomas Jefferson envisioned an          republic in which independent yeoman farmers formed the moral backbone of American democracy, a vision that stood in sharp contrast to Alexander Hamilton's preference for a commercial and industrial economy."

Albany Congress

A conference in the United States Colonial history form June 19 through July 11, 1754 in Albany New York. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.

Example: "The          of 1754, convened to address the threat of French expansion and to secure the loyalty of the Iroquois Confederacy, produced Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union, an early but ultimately rejected blueprint for colonial cooperation."

Albert Gallatin

Albert Gallatin was the secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson. He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury," and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget.

Example: "As Secretary of the Treasury under President Jefferson,          worked diligently to reduce the national debt through fiscal discipline, embodying the Jeffersonian principle that government borrowing placed an unfair burden on future generations."

Alexander Hamilton

Great political leader; youngest and brightest of Federalists; "father of the National Debt"; from New York; became a major general; military genius; Secretary of Treasury; lived from 1755-1804; became Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington in 1789; established plan for economy that went in to affect in 1790 including a tariff that passed in 1789, the assumption of state debts which went into affect in 1790, an excise on different products (including whiskey) in 1791, and a plan for a.

Example: "As the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury,          proposed an ambitious financial program that included the assumption of state debts, the establishment of a national bank, and protective tariffs, laying the economic foundation for American industrial growth."

Alfred E. Smith

He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics.

Example: "        's 1928 presidential campaign was undermined by widespread anti-Catholic prejudice and his open opposition to Prohibition, illustrating the deep cultural and religious divisions that shaped American politics during the 1920s."

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798

Contains four parts: 1. Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2. Alien Act-gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3. Alien Enemies Act-permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to.-No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act. 4. The Sedition Act-key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inau.

Example: "The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress, extended the residency requirement for citizenship and criminalized criticism of the government, prompting Jefferson and Madison to draft the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in protest."

Alliance of Progress

Alliance of Progress - this was a Marshall Plan for Latin America that was suggested by President Kennedy to help the Good Neighbors close the gap between the rich and the poor and to help quiet the communist agitation. It was unsuccessful because there was little alliance and no progress.

Example: "President Kennedy launched the Alliance for Progress in 1961 as a Marshall Plan-style initiative to promote economic development and democratic governance in Latin America, hoping to counter the appeal of Cuban-style communism throughout the hemisphere."

Allies

Composed of France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy, the Allies fought the Central Powers in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917, and after major economic and military blows, World War I ended with the Treaty of Versailles.

Example: "When the United States entered World War I in 1917, it joined the         —France, Britain, and Russia—providing fresh troops, credit, and war materiel that proved decisive in breaking the stalemate on the Western Front and forcing Germany to seek an armistice."

Amendment Nine

The amendment states that the enumeration in the constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. It was written by James Madison in 1791 to stop the possibility that enumerating such rights might possibly lead to the assumption that the rights were the only ones protected.

Example: "The Ninth Amendment, added to the Constitution in 1791, declared that the enumeration of specific rights in the Bill of Rights should not be interpreted to deny other rights retained by the people, ensuring that unenumerated liberties remained protected."

American Know Nothing Party

Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were antiforeign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America!" Remaining members of the Whig party also backed Fillmore for President.

Example: "The          rose to brief prominence in the 1850s by capitalizing on nativist fears of Catholic immigration, reflecting the social tensions produced by the massive influx of Irish and German immigrants in the preceding decades."

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Example: "Founded in Boston in 1826, the          was one of the earliest organized reform movements in the United States, connecting the fight against alcohol to broader Second Great Awakening ideals of moral self-improvement and social perfectionism."

Anarchy

In Chapter 8 Anarchy is described as a lack of a strong centralized government. Often resulting in chaos, giving no security to landowners or upper-class people (wealthy). There is no stability, and what few laws exist are openly defied with no form of punishment. There are often problems in creating a usable and effective currency (this was a problem in inter-state relations.) In chapter 8 Anarchy it is referring to the period of time just prior to the creation of the constitution.

Example: "Critics of the Articles of Confederation warned that the absence of a strong central government threatened to plunge the young republic into         , as states quarreled over trade, ignored federal requisitions, and defied interstate agreements."

Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson was a Democratic-Republican who was voted into office in 1828. The people wanted representation and reform from the administration of John Quincy Adams. Jackson believed that the people should rule. He was the first president from the west, and he represented many of the characteristics of the west. Jackson appealed to the common man as he was said to be one. He believed in the strength of the Union and the supremacy of the federal government over the state government.

Example: "        's presidency represented a dramatic democratization of American politics, as he championed the rights of the common man, dismantled the Second Bank of the United States, and vastly expanded the spoils system to reward political loyalists."

Andrew Mellon

He was the Secretary of the Treasury during the 1920s and under Harding that had the theory that high taxes forced the rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He had followers in his theory called Mellonites. He helped engineer a series of tax reductions and reduced national debt by $10 billion. He was accused of indirectly encouraging the bull market and starting the descent into the stock market crash.

Example: "Secretary of the Treasury         's policy of sharply reducing income taxes on the wealthy during the 1920s reflected the belief that freeing capital from heavy taxation would stimulate business investment, though later critics argued his policies contributed to the speculative excess that preceded the Great Depression."

Anne Hutchinson

A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.).

Example: "         was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638 after she challenged Puritan orthodoxy by claiming that believers could achieve salvation through direct communion with God rather than through the covenant of works enforced by the clergy."

Annexation

A method used by the government to acquire and establish sovereignty over new territory. Sometimes force is used in annexation, but other times it is done through a legal system, such as a purchase. The United States annexed Texas in 1845 after a consent from Mexico.

Example: "The          of Texas in 1845 fulfilled the expansionist aspirations of those who believed in Manifest Destiny, but it also reignited sectional tensions over the expansion of slavery and contributed directly to the outbreak of the Mexican-American War."

Anthony Wayne

A General, nicknamed "Mad Anthony". Beat Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Left British made arms on the fields of battle. After that the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 led to the Indians ceding their claims to a vast tract in the Ohio Country.

Example: "General         's decisive victory over a confederation of Northwest Indian tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 paved the way for the Treaty of Greenville, in which Native Americans ceded vast tracts of land in the Ohio Country to the United States."

Anti-Masonic Party

The Anti-Masonic Party was a third political party that developed during the campaign of 1832 because of the fierce debate between Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. This party also developed as opposition to the Masons (secret societies). It gained support from evangelical Protestant groups and people who were neglected by Jackson; however, it never took a majority position in elections.

Example: "The         , which emerged as a significant third party during the election of 1832, drew support from evangelical Protestants and others who feared that secret societies like the Masons wielded disproportionate influence over American political and economic life."

Antislavery

Antislavery was a wide spread idea (with most of its supporters being in the New England areas) in the 1800's. the North readily opposed the idea of slavery, because it was abusive and their economy didn't rely on it. But even in the South, in the 1820's, there were numerous antislavery societies. These societies were actually more numerous south of Mason and Dixon's line.

Example: "Although the          movement was strongest in New England, historians note that in the 1820s there were actually more          societies south of the Mason-Dixon Line than north of it, suggesting that opposition to slavery was initially more widespread than later sectional rhetoric acknowledged."

Aroostook War

It was over the Maine boundary dispute. The British wanted to build a road from Halifax to Quebec. It ran through land already claimed by Maine. Fights started on both sides and they both got their local militia. It could have been a war, but it never proceeded that far.

Example: "The so-called          of 1838-1839 erupted when British plans to build a military road through disputed territory on the Maine-New Brunswick border prompted American lumberjacks and local militia to clash with their Canadian counterparts, nearly triggering a full-scale conflict between the United States and Britain."

Articles of Confederation

The first "constitution" governing the Untied States after the Revolution; it was ratified in 1781 and it provided for a "firm league of friendship;" the legislative branch (Congress) had no power to regulate commerce or forcibly collect taxes and there was no national executive or judicial branch; it was an important stepping-stone towards the present constitution because without it the states would never have consented to the Constitution.

Example: "The         , ratified in 1781, proved inadequate as a framework for national governance because Congress lacked the power to levy taxes or regulate interstate commerce, creating the fiscal and economic instability that ultimately motivated delegates to draft the Constitution in 1787."

Asiento System

The Asiento System was a Spanish slavery system that laid the foundation for slavery in the Americas. It essentially worked like this: African slaves were carried to the Americas and a tax was paid to the Spanish crown for each slave imported. The Asiento System and the Encomienda System both served as foundational practices of commerce for slavery in the US. The Asiento System was a forerunner of the Triangular Trade System, and resulted in hundreds of thousands of slaves being brought to the New World. It will appear on the APUSH exam in questions about the origin of slavery in the colonies, so it is a very significant component to memorize.

Example: "The         , under which Spain granted licensed contractors the right to supply enslaved Africans to its American colonies in exchange for a per-capita tax, laid the commercial and legal groundwork for the transatlantic slave trade that would reshape the economies of the New World."

Attacks of September 11, 2001

On September 11, 2001, 19 members of the Islamic extremist group al Qaeda hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and an attempted attack on the White House in the United States. Almost 3,000 people were killed during the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and the terror of the day initiated major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism which ultimately defined the presidency of George W. Bush. These acts, many of which were controversial, called for heightened security, racial profiling, and more. The Patriot Act of 2001, for instance, granted broad police authority to the federal, state, and local government to interdict, prosecute, and convict suspected terrorists. It is this sense of paranoia and punitive legislation that would carry A.

Example: "The         , in which al-Qaeda hijackers killed nearly 3,000 people, fundamentally reshaped American foreign and domestic policy, leading to the invasion of Afghanistan, the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act, and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security."

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

Example: "The          of 1909-1910, in which President Taft dismissed chief forester Gifford Pinchot for publicly challenging Interior Secretary Richard Ballinger's decision to open federal lands to private development, deepened the rift between the progressive and conservative wings of the Republican Party."

Bank of United States

The federal bank of US was first created in 1791under Hamilton's economic plan. In 1816, the Bank of US's charter was renewed. Because of the economic recession of the 1810's, the bank suffered great mismanagement until 1822 when Nicholas Biddle, a Philadelphia financier, became its president. Andrew Jackson, in 1831, vetoed the charter act to renew the bank's charter which would expire in 1836. This made the government to store all its funds to the state banks (aka King Andrew's pet banks).

Example: "Andrew Jackson's veto of the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States in 1832 was a defining moment of his presidency, framing the bank as a corrupt monopoly that favored wealthy elites over ordinary Americans and cementing his image as a champion of the common man."

Barry St. Leger

Barry St. Leger was a British officer in the American Revolutionary War. He led a British advance into New York's Mohawk Valley in the summer of 1777. Hoping to join the British army of General John Burgoyne at Albany, St. Leger was halted by American militia in Fort Stanwix. His forces were nearly destroyed while repelling an American relief unit at Oriskany, and the approach of additional American troops forced St. Leger to retreat to Canada.

Example: "British Colonel         's invasion of the Mohawk Valley in 1777, intended to join Burgoyne's forces at Albany, was repulsed by American militia at Fort Stanwix and the Battle of Oriskany, helping to ensure the American victory at Saratoga that brought France into the war."

Battle of Thames

The Battle of Thames was fought at the River Thames in Canada on October 13, 1813. In this battle, the redcoats were overtaken by General Harrison and his army after they had withdrawn from Fort Malden. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, fought for the British and lost his life. With his death came the death of his confederacy.

Example: "The Battle of the Thames in October 1813 not only drove British forces from the Northwest Territory but also resulted in the death of the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the pan-Indian confederacy he had built to resist American expansion."

Bay of Pigs

During the Cold War, Cuba was at a crossroads in their own development as a nation. Fidel Castro led a left-wing government that supported the Soviet Union and was looking to cultivate further ties with them. He had come to power after usurping the democratic, but corrupt, President Fulgencio Batista. Apprehensive about Castro’s left-wing sympathies President Eisenhower ordered an invasion of the island, but the final stamp of approval was given by President Kennedy. The invasion, which occurred in 1961, ultimately failed and the United States faced embarrassment on the international stage, forced to grant Cuba’s new political system legitimacy. You will see the Bay of Pigs invasion on questions involving the Cold War, ‘60s foreign policy, and JFK.

Example: "The          invasion of April 1961, in which CIA-trained Cuban exiles failed to topple Fidel Castro's government, embarrassed the Kennedy administration on the world stage and drove Cuba closer to the Soviet Union, intensifying Cold War tensions in the Western Hemisphere."

Bear Flag Revolt

A revolt from Fort Devenworth to Santa Fe; 1846; John C. Frement- Americans in California wanted to be independent of Mexican rule; when the war with Mexico begin these Californians revolted and established an independent republic; hoisted short lived California Bear Flag Republic.

Example: "The          of 1846, in which American settlers in California declared independence from Mexico and proclaimed the short-lived California Republic, coincided with the outbreak of the Mexican-American War and accelerated the transfer of California to the United States."

Benevolent assimilation

McKinley and the U.S. were trying to assimilate the Philippines to help them become better. American dollars went to the Philippines to improve roads, sanitation, and public health. Although the U.S. might have looked intrusive, they were actually trying to improve the condition of the Philippines.

Example: "President McKinley justified American control over the Philippines through the doctrine of         , arguing that the United States had an obligation to educate and uplift Filipinos rather than grant them immediate independence, a rationale that critics condemned as a rationalization for imperialism."

Benito Mussolini

The Facist dictator of Italy. He sought to create a new empire, much like the Roman one. He became an ally with Adolf Hitler in the Rome-Berlin Axis, and led his forces against the Allied powers in WWII. He was overthrown and beheaded in 1943, after the fall of Sicily during the war.

Example: "        's fascist regime in Italy, which sought to recreate Roman imperial glory through military conquest in Africa and Europe, formalized its alliance with Nazi Germany through the Rome-Berlin Axis of 1936, eventually drawing Italy into World War II on the side of the Axis powers."

Benjamin Franklin

He was born January 17, 1706 in Boston Massachusetts. Franklin taught himself math, history, science, English, and five other languages. He owned a successful printing and publishing company in Philadelphia. He conducted studies of electricity, invented bifocal glasses, the lighting rod, and the stove. He was a important diplomat and statesman and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

Example: "         served as one of the United States' most effective diplomats, using his international celebrity as a scientist and philosopher to negotiate the crucial French alliance of 1778 that provided the American Revolution with the military and financial support necessary for ultimate victory."

Berlin airlift

The USSR had embargoed all supplies that would go into the Allied Germany. In response, America used many planes to take and drop food and supplies into Berlin. They did this to show the USSR that they were determined to maintain control of Berlin. It worked, the Soviets lifted the blockade.

Example: "When the Soviet Union blockaded land access to West Berlin in 1948, the United States and its allies responded with the         , flying thousands of supply missions into the city over eleven months to demonstrate Western resolve and ultimately forcing the Soviets to lift the blockade."

Big Four

The "Big Four" refers to the four countries that were allied together in WWI. The countries were the U.S. represented by President Wilson, England represented by David Lloyd George, France represented by Georges Clemenceau, and Italy represented by Vittorio Orlando.

Example: "At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the         —President Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister Lloyd George of Britain, Premier Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Orlando of Italy—dominated negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles, though their competing national interests frequently clashed with Wilson's Fourteen Points."

Bill of Rights

After the U.S Constitution had been written and ratified there were many who still feared the strict wording of the document. The document was generous in the power it gave to the federal government but some felt that it granted the federal level too much power. Penned by James Madison, the document attempted to assuage the fears of those who unhappy with a strong, monarch-like centralized government. The Bill of Rights refers directly to the first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing things like freedom of speech and religion, but the Bill of Rights ultimately came to represent the fluid nature of the Constitution. Its impact lies in how it was interpreted during many historic Supreme Court cases. In this way,  the Bill of Rights will appear most frequently within landmark cou.

Example: "The         , the first ten amendments to the Constitution ratified in 1791, was added largely to satisfy Anti-Federalist demands for explicit protections of individual liberties against potential federal overreach, guaranteeing freedoms such as speech, religion, and protection from unreasonable searches."

Biological engineering

A modern scientific question in America is about whether or not the human gene pool should be engineered and conformed with how scientists want it to be. The question may never be answered, but biological engineering is the manipulation of human genes to produce the desired outcome.

Example: "By the late twentieth century, advances in          raised profound ethical questions for American society about the extent to which scientists and governments should be permitted to manipulate human genetic material, prefiguring debates that continue into the present."

Black Hawk

The leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830's. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, Black Hawk led the Indians in resisting the move. However, he wasn't powerful enough, because in 1832 they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma.

Example: "        's attempt in 1832 to lead Sauk and Fox Indians back to their ancestral lands in Illinois, from which they had been displaced by American settlement, was crushed by federal and state militia, and his defeat accelerated the forced removal of Native Americans from the upper Midwest."

Black legend

The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were.

Example: "English colonizers promoted the         —the idea that Spanish conquerors were uniquely brutal toward Native Americans—partly as propaganda to justify English settlement of North America, obscuring the fact that English colonization also resulted in devastating consequences for indigenous peoples."

Bleeding Kansas

Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.

Example: "The violence that erupted in Kansas from 1854 to 1858 as proslavery and antislavery settlers fought for control of the territory's government came to be known as         , demonstrating that the principle of popular sovereignty could not peacefully resolve the question of slavery's expansion."

Bonus Army

A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy. They marched to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army, which shed a negative light on Hoover.

Example: "The         's march on Washington in 1932, in which thousands of World War I veterans demanded early payment of their promised bonuses, ended disastrously when President Hoover ordered General MacArthur to disperse the protesters by force, further damaging Hoover's image during the depths of the Great Depression."

Bonus Bill of 1817

Securing funding for roads and canals was hard. This bill was passed by Congress to give states $1.5 million for internal improvements, but it was immediately vetoed by Pres. Madison. In his opinion, he believed states should pay for their own improvements.

Example: "The         , which would have used the profits from the Second Bank of the United States to fund roads and canals, was vetoed by President Madison, who believed that federal funding of internal improvements required a constitutional amendment, leaving the question of national infrastructure unresolved."

Boston Associates

They were a group of Boston families who joined to form one of the earliest and most powerful joint-capital ventures. They eventually came to dominate the textile industry, the railroad, insurance, and banking business' in all of Massachusetts. With Pride the Boston Associates considered their textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts a showplace factory. The labor there was mostly New England farm girls who were supervised on and off the job and worked from "dark to dark." (Ch 17, pgs 293-295).

Example: "The          built their textile empire at Lowell, Massachusetts by employing young New England farm women in strictly supervised factory towns, creating one of the earliest large-scale industrial enterprises in American history and transforming the nature of manufacturing labor in the Northeast."

Boston Massacre

The truth surrounding the Boston Massacre has been clouded by competing narratives, but we do know Americans of the time considered it to be a first step toward the Revolutionary War. In reality, the event was more of a scuffle between colonist settlers and British soldiers, but the propaganda that rose around it whipped the colonies into a frenzy. In 1770 Great Britain sent troops to Boston as a means to protect officials trying to administer legislation recently upheld by Parliament. A crowd led by Crispus Attucks, a slave, began to harass British soldiers who fired upon the crowd. Several Americans were killed and the episode was heralded as a turning point where colonial sentiment turned from support of the British crown toward independence. The Boston Massacre commonly pops up on the.

Example: "The          of 1770, in which British soldiers fired on a crowd of colonists and killed five people including Crispus Attucks, was skillfully exploited by colonial propagandists like Samuel Adams to inflame anti-British sentiment and build support for independence."

Boston Tea Party

The Boston Tea Party was the final straw in a series of events that led to the American Revolution. The event started as a protest of Parliament’s Tea Act of 1773, which gave the East India Company a monopoly in selling tea in the colonies. The Sons of Liberty, a liberation-focused rebellion group, saw this as an intentional act to weaken the local, colonial economy and merchant class, and they would not stand for it. Men of Boston disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians and boarded the East India Company ships that were held in the harbor and began to toss the tea shipment overboard. The Boston Tea Party is often seen on the test in questions surrounding the causes of the Revolutionary War, the philosophy of liberty, and nonviolent resistance. Image Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Example: "The          of December 1773, in which Sons of Liberty members disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 chests of East India Company tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act's monopoly, prompted Britain to impose the Coercive Acts and pushed the colonies closer to open revolt."

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxers were a group of Chinese revolutionaries that despised western intervention in China. The rebellion resulted in the deaths of thousands of converted Chinese Christians, missionaries, and foreign legions. It took 5 countries' armies and four months to stop the rebellion.

Example: "The          of 1900, in which Chinese nationalists attacked foreign missionaries and diplomatic legations in Beijing, prompted a multinational military intervention that included American troops, illustrating the extent to which the United States had become entangled in the imperial competition over China."

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.

Example: "After Joseph Smith's murder in 1844,          led the Mormon community on an arduous westward migration to the Great Salt Lake Basin, where he established a prosperous theocratic society and served as territorial governor until tensions with the federal government culminated in the Utah War of 1857."

Bruce Barton

A founder of the "new profession" of advertising, which used the persuasion ploy, seduction, and sexual suggestion. He was a prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. He published a best seller in 1925, The Man Nobody Knows, suggesting that Jesus Christ was the greatest ad man of all time. He even praised Christ's "executive ability." He encouraged any advertising man to read the parables of Jesus.

Example: "Advertising executive         's 1925 bestseller The Man Nobody Knows, which portrayed Jesus Christ as a master salesman and organizational leader, exemplified the 1920s tendency to conflate business values with moral virtue and to celebrate consumer culture as a form of American progress."

Burned-over District

This is a term that refers to western New York. The term came at a time when revivals were rampant. Puritan sermonizers were preaching "hell-fire and damnation." Mormons. A religion, newly established by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have had a revelation from angel. The Mormons faced much persecution from the people and were eventually forced to move west. (Salt Lake City) After the difficult journey they greatly improved their land through wise forms of irrigation.

Example: "Western New York's          earned its name from the intense waves of religious revivalism that swept the region during the Second Great Awakening, making it fertile ground not only for evangelical Protestantism but also for new religious movements such as Mormonism and Millerism."

Buying on Margin

This kind of buying stocks was usually only used by poor and middle class people. They would buy the stock, but only pay for part of it and borrow money from the stockbrokers to pay the rest. Then when they sold the stock for a higher price, they would pay the broker off and keep the rest of the profit. This practice led to the great depression, because the banks couldn't get their money back when the stock market crashed.

Example: "The widespread practice of         —purchasing stocks with borrowed money in the expectation that rising prices would cover the debt—helped fuel the speculative frenzy of the late 1920s and, when the market collapsed in October 1929, left millions of investors unable to repay their loans."

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Example: "        , who became president after Warren Harding's death and won reelection in 1924, embodied the probusiness conservatism of the 1920s, slashing government regulation and taxes while famously declaring that 'the chief business of the American people is business.'"

Calvinism

Set of beliefs that the Puritans followed. In the 1500's John Calvin, the founder of Calvinism, preached virtues of simple worship, strict morals, pre-destination and hard work. This resulted in Calvinist followers wanting to practice religion, and it brought about wars between Huguenots (French Calvinists) and Catholics, that tore the French kingdom apart.

Example: "        , with its doctrines of predestination, original sin, and the supremacy of scripture, formed the theological foundation of Puritan society in New England, shaping the colonists' religious practices, social organization, and their sense of mission as a people chosen by God."

Carl Shurz

He was a zealous German liberal who contributed to the elevation of American political life. Shurz was a relentless foe of slavery and public corruption. Shurz could be considered on of the liberal German "Forty-fighters," who left Germany and came to America, distraught by the collapse of the democratic revolutions of 1848, and in search of a stable democratic society. (Ch 18, pg 318).

Example: "Carl Schurz, a German immigrant who fled to America after the failed revolutions of 1848, became one of the most prominent voices in the Republican Party for civil service reform, arguing that replacing the spoils system with merit-based appointments was essential to honest government."

Catharine Beecher

Who: unmarried daughter of a famous preacher and sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. when: 1800's why: She urged women to enter the teaching profession. She succeeded because school teaching became a thoroughly "feminized" occupation. Other work "opportunities" for women beckoned in domestic service. Beecher helped get women jobs that would allow them to be self-supported.

Example: "        's vigorous advocacy for women's entry into the teaching profession in the antebellum period helped transform elementary education into a feminized occupation, expanding respectable employment opportunities for women while reinforcing the idea that nurturing was a natural female quality."

Chappaquiddick

Senator Edward Kennedy, brother of John F. Kennedy, was at a Batchelor party on an island. There were some young women there and there was some drinking and Kennedy ended up taking one of the young ladies off the island. But when they were crossing a bridge Kennedy's car went off the bridge. The young woman was killed. Kennedy's story was that he swam across a bay to get help but it was too late. There was much controversy over this incident about Kennedy's motives, such as if he was trying to k.

Example: "The          incident of 1969, in which Senator Edward Kennedy drove off a bridge and his passenger Mary Jo Kopechne drowned, effectively ended Kennedy's prospects for a presidential run and became a symbol of the moral contradictions that troubled American political leadership in the late 1960s."

Charles Cornwallis

Cornwallis was a British general who fought in the Seven Years War, was elected to the House of Commons in 1760, and lost battles to George Washington on December 26, 1776 and on January 3, 1777. Cornwallis made his mark on history, even though he could never ensure an overall British win over the Americans. He had many individual victories and losses against the Americans in the American Revolution and will always be remembered as a great and powerful general.

Example: "General         's surrender at Yorktown in October 1781, after his army was trapped by a combined Franco-American force on land and Admiral de Grasse's fleet at sea, effectively ended major British military operations in North America and made American independence inevitable."

Charles Evan Hughes

He was the Republican governor of New York who ran for the presidency in 1916. He lost to Wilson. He was a strong reformer who gained his national fame as an investigator of malpractices in gas and insurance companies. In 1921 he became Harding's Secretary of State. He called together the major powers to the Washington Disarmament Conference in 1921.

Example: "As Secretary of State under President Harding, Charles Evans Hughes organized the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922, negotiating landmark arms limitation treaties that temporarily checked naval competition among the great powers in the aftermath of World War I."

Charles Evans Hughes

He was a Republican governor of New York who was a reformer. He was later a supreme court justice who ran for President against Woodrow Wilson in 1916. The Democrats said that if Hughes won then the country would end up going to war. Hughes lost a very close race for the position to Wilson.

Example: "In the election of 1916,          ran as the Republican nominee against incumbent President Woodrow Wilson, losing narrowly in part because Democrats successfully portrayed him as the candidate more likely to lead the country into the still-raging European war."

Charles Sumner

He was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious. This violent incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South.

Example: "Senator         's vicious beating on the Senate floor in 1856 by Congressman Preston Brooks, who attacked Sumner in retaliation for his antislavery speech 'The Crime Against Kansas,' horrified Northern opinion and became a powerful symbol of the violence that Southern slaveholders were willing to use to silence dissent."

Charles Townshend

Charles Townshend was control of the British ministry and was nicknamed "Champagne Charley" for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonist were greatly against and was a near start for rebellions to take place.

Example: "         persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts, which imposed new duties on colonial imports of glass, paper, and tea, reigniting colonial resistance that had quieted after the repeal of the Stamp Act and pushing the colonies further toward revolution."

Checks & Balances

Checks and Balances "is the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power." The framers of the constitution for the U.S. saw the policy of checks and balances necessary for the government to run smoothly. Third principle has prevented anyone Branch from taking over the government and making all the decisions. (Having a dictatorship.).

Example: "The framers of the Constitution designed the system of checks and balances to prevent tyranny by ensuring that the legislative, executive, and judicial branches each possessed the tools to restrain the others, reflecting their deep distrust of concentrated power drawn from the lessons of history."

Checks and Balances

One of the most important concepts in the foundation of the American government is checks and balances. Checks and balances is a political framework that separates power into a three-way system, preventing one portion of government from gaining dominance over the other two. The United States government is divided into the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches. Each of these branches is granted a very specific scope of power that the other branches do not. Also each branch of government is given powers that allow it to keep its counterparts in check. The significance of this model cannot be understated because it was and continues to prevent a seizure of absolute power by a single man or body politic. Understanding checks and balances, then, is essential to fully understanding Ameri.

Example: "The principle of          embedded in the Constitution was directly tested when President Franklin Roosevelt attempted his court-packing scheme in 1937, and Congress's refusal to expand the Supreme Court demonstrated that the system could successfully resist even a popular president's efforts to undermine judicial independence."

Chester Nimitz

Nimitz served as an Admiral in the Battle of Midway in 1942. He commanded the American fleet into in the Pacific Ocean and learned the Japanese plans through "magic" decoding of their radio messages. With this intercepted information, Nimitz headed the Japanese off and defeated them.

Example: "Admiral         's decision to use intelligence from decoded Japanese communications to position his outnumbered fleet at the Battle of Midway in June 1942 resulted in the destruction of four Japanese aircraft carriers, turning the tide of the war in the Pacific in favor of the United States."

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Example: "        's 1492 voyage, funded by the Spanish crown and driven by his search for a western sea route to Asia, initiated sustained contact between Europe and the Americas and set in motion the Columbian Exchange that transformed societies, economies, and ecosystems on both sides of the Atlantic."

Citizen Genet

1. He was a representative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution. 2. He landed in Charleston SC around 1793 after the outbreak of war between France and Britain. 3. The actions of Citizen Genet the new government was exposed as being vulnerable. It also showed how the government was maturing.

Example: "The arrival of French ambassador          in 1793, who attempted to recruit American volunteers and outfit privateers to support France's war against Britain, tested the Washington administration's policy of neutrality and exposed the tension between American sympathy for the French Revolution and the demands of national self-interest."

Civil Right Act of 1964

Passed by Congress in 1964 in honor of the late President Kennedy. This act banned racial discrimination in places such as hospitals and restaurants. This act also gave the government the power to desegregate schools. It led to the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Example: "The Civil Rights Act of 1964, passed in the aftermath of President Kennedy's assassination, outlawed racial segregation in public accommodations and employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, representing the most sweeping federal civil rights legislation since Reconstruction."

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

The CCC was created by the Unemployment Relief Act of 1933. It provided employment in government camps for 3 million uniformed single, young men during the Great Depression. The work they were involved in included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage.

Example: "The Civilian Conservation Corps, established as part of Franklin Roosevelt's early New Deal in 1933, put hundreds of thousands of unemployed young men to work planting trees, building trails, and improving national parks, combining economic relief with environmental conservation."

Clayton Act

This helped to control monopolies by lengthening the Sherman Act's list of business practices that were objectionable (interlocking directorates). It exempted labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution; legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.

Example: "The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened the Sherman Act by specifically prohibiting price discrimination and interlocking directorates, and crucially exempted labor unions from antitrust prosecution, fulfilling the AFL's longstanding demand that workers' right to organize be legally protected."

Cohen's v Virginia

The Cohen's were a Virginia family accused of selling lottery tickets illegally. The Virginia Supreme Court found the Cohen's guilty, so they appealed to the Supreme Court in 1821. Virginia won in having the Cohen's convicted. Virginia lost in that Judge Marshal made it so that the federal Supreme Court had the right to review any decision involving powers of the federal government. This was a major blow on states' rights.

Example: "In Cohens v. Virginia (1821), Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the Supreme Court's authority to review state court decisions involving federal law, decisively rejecting Virginia's claim that it was the final arbiter of constitutional questions and further centralizing judicial power in the federal government."

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Example: "The         , led by journalist George Creel during World War I, conducted an unprecedented propaganda campaign to build public support for American involvement in the war, employing posters, pamphlets, and 'Four-Minute Men' speakers to promote patriotism and vilify Germany."

Committees of Correspondence

Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one. This is another example of the colonies breaking away from Europe to become Americans.

Example: "Samuel Adams's         , begun in Boston in 1772, created an intercolonial communications network that allowed colonial leaders to coordinate resistance to British policies, laying the organizational groundwork that made unified action—and eventually revolution—possible."

Common Man

A political leader who worked his way up to the top from the bottom. Andrew Jackson was the model common man. He had been orphaned, so he fought in the Revolutionary War at age thirteen. In the War of 1812, he became a hero and launched his political career soon after. He was like the rest of the country, and that's why they liked him so much. The common man began to take over during the Jacksonian Democracy.

Example: "Andrew Jackson's appeal to the          transformed American democracy by expanding political participation to a broader electorate of white male voters who identified with his frontier origins, military heroism, and his fierce opposition to the moneyed elites he believed corrupted the republic."

Common Sense

Common Sense written in 1776 was one of the most potent pamphlets ever written. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. The author Thomas Paine introduced such ideas as nowhere in the universe sis a smaller heavenly body control a larger. For this reason their is no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America. The pamphlet with its high-class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a fe.

Example: "Thomas Paine's         , published in January 1776, galvanized colonial opinion in favor of independence by attacking the very idea of monarchy as irrational and arguing in plain language that American self-government was not only possible but morally necessary."

Compact Theory

The Compact theory was popular among the English political philosophers in the eighteenth century. In America, it was supported by Jefferson and Madison. It meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passe.

Example: "Jefferson and Madison invoked the          of government in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798-1799, arguing that the states, as parties to the constitutional compact, had the right to judge federal laws unconstitutional, a doctrine that would later underpin Southern arguments for nullification and secession."

Compromise 1850

This compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with disputed territory, and the controversy of whether California should join. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The compromise benefited the North more than the South.

Example: "The Compromise of 1850, engineered largely by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas, attempted to resolve the crisis over slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico by admitting California as a free state, organizing New Mexico and Utah under popular sovereignty, and enacting a stronger Fugitive Slave Act to appease the South."

Confederation

A confederation is a group of sovereign states, each of which is free to act independently from the others. In 1776, when America gained its independence, a loose confederation was formed among the thirteen colonies. Under this confederation, the states were united by a weak national government, which was completely lacking constitutional authority. The national government had some control over issues such as military affairs and foreign policy. The states, however, took the majority of power in.

Example: "The loose          established by the Articles of          gave each state virtual sovereignty, making it impossible for the national government to enforce treaties, pay its debts, or suppress domestic unrest like Shays' Rebellion, demonstrating the inadequacy of a system built on voluntary cooperation among sovereign states."

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Also known as the CIO, this labor union formed in the ranks of the AFL. It consisted of unskilled workers. The AFL got scared of their influence on workers and suspended all members of the CIO. In 1938 it broke with the AF of L. By 1940 it had 4 million members.

Example: "The          broke from the American Federation of Labor in 1938 because it sought to organize workers along industrial lines—including unskilled and semiskilled workers regardless of trade—rather than the craft-based model the AFL favored, dramatically expanding union membership during the New Deal era."

Constitution

An American warship, nicknamed "Old Ironsides," in 1812 the Americans created the super frigate which had thicker sides, heavier fire power, and a larger crew than the original British frigate, was a notable ship in the war of 1812 against the British Navy.

Example: "The USS         , known as 'Old Ironsides,' became a symbol of American naval prowess during the War of 1812, its victories over British frigates boosting national morale at a time when the land war was going badly and proving that the young republic could compete militarily with the world's greatest naval power."

Constitution of the United States

The foundation of our country's national government; was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787; the Constitution establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes protection for the rights of states and of every individual.

Example: "The         , drafted at Philadelphia in 1787 and ratified in 1788, replaced the ineffective Articles of Confederation with a framework for a stronger national government that balanced federal authority with state power through federalism, separation of powers, and a system of checks and balances."

Constitutional Union Party

Also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws.".

Example: "The         , which nominated John Bell of Tennessee in the election of 1860, appealed to moderate Southerners and border-state voters who feared that both the Democratic and Republican parties were too extreme on slavery and that disunion would follow any outcome other than a compromise candidate."

Continental

The name Continental is associated to two congresses. The first is in 1774 and the second is in 1775. They both take place in Philadelphia. the Continental Congress brought the leaders of the thirteen colonies together. This was the beginning of our national union.

Example: "The          Congress, first convening in Philadelphia in 1774, provided the colonies with their first formal mechanism for unified political action, evolving from a body that petitioned the king for redress of grievances into the governing institution that declared independence and directed the Revolutionary War."

Convention of 1800 Treaty

Signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America.

Example: "The Convention of 1800, negotiated with Napoleon's France, formally ended the quasi-war at sea between the two nations and released the United States from its alliance obligations dating to the Revolutionary War, freeing American foreign policy from entanglement in the European conflict."

Corrupt Bargain

Immediately after John Quincy Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as Secretary of State. Jacksonians were furious because all former Secretaries of State became Presidents. This "corrupt bargain" occurred after the Election of 1824 when Andrew Jackson had the most electoral votes, but not majority. Then, Henry Clay (having the least of the electoral votes) gave them to John Q. Adams, giving him the majority and making him President. Jacksonians question whether John Q. Adams made Hen.

Example: "Andrew Jackson's supporters denounced the '        ' of 1824, in which Henry Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams in the House of Representatives election and was subsequently appointed Secretary of State, arguing that the will of the people—who had given Jackson the most popular votes—had been stolen by political insiders."

Cotton Gin

The cotton gin is a machine that would separate the seed from the short-staple cotton fiber that was fifty times more effective than the handpicking process. It was constructed by Eli Whitney. It was developed in 1793 in Georgia. It was used all over the South. The cotton gin brought a miraculous change to the U.S. and the world. Practically overnight the production of the cotton was very profitable. Not only the South prospered, but the North as well. Many acres were cleared westward to make mo.

Example: "Eli Whitney's invention of the          in 1793 dramatically accelerated the expansion of cotton cultivation across the Deep South by making short-staple cotton commercially viable, paradoxically revitalizing and entrenching the institution of slavery at a moment when many had expected it to gradually disappear."

Court-packing scheme

Roosevelt tried to put an extra justice on the Supreme Court for every justice over 70 years old who wouldn't retire. These justices would be supporters of Roosevelt and there would be a maximum of 15 judges. The plan failed. Congress would not accept.

Example: "Franklin Roosevelt's          of 1937, which proposed adding up to six new justices to the Supreme Court to overcome conservative opposition to New Deal legislation, was rejected by Congress as an unconstitutional power grab and marked a turning point that weakened Roosevelt's political coalition."

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

Example: "The Committee to Re-Elect the President, known as         , orchestrated the break-in at Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex in 1972 and then coordinated a cover-up of White House involvement, setting in motion the scandal that led to President Nixon's resignation."

Creole (1841)

An American ship captured by 130 Virginian slaves in the Bahamas. British officials offered refuge to these slaves because there was immense tension between the Americans and British. Other acts of unlawful invasion had occurred because of the British and the possibility of yet another US/ England War was at large.

Example: "The Creole affair of 1841, in which enslaved Americans who seized control of an American ship and sailed to the Bahamas were granted freedom by British authorities, heightened Anglo-American tensions and intensified the sectional debate over slavery by demonstrating that Britain's abolition policy directly threatened American slaveholders' property claims."

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis marked the height of tension during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. It arose as the result of the United States’ failed ploy to topple the left-wing government of Cuba, so Cuba began aid from the Soviet Union. The USSR armed the island-nation with nuclear missiles pointed towards the United States, leading in a 13-day standoff between the US and Cuba/the USSR In response the United States strategically aimed its own nuclear arsenal in Turkey and Italy toward Moscow. The crisis ended with a series of tactful negotiations between Nikita Khrushchev and John F. Kennedy. In the end, the United States agreed never to attempt to subjugate Cuba again and they promised to remove their own nuclear weapons from Turkey and Italy if and only if the.

Example: "The          of October 1962 brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war after American reconnaissance revealed Soviet missile installations in Cuba, and its peaceful resolution through secret diplomacy—each side agreeing to remove its nuclear weapons from the other's neighborhood—is often cited as the Cold War's most dangerous moment and its most successful exercise in superpower restraint."

Cult of Domesticity

The cult of domesticity was a social ideology that, above all, characterized women as subservient to men. It emphasized an ideal woman who was tender and self-sacrificing, a caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband. Woman as cupbearer, homemaker, essentially. This ideology eventually influenced the ratification of many social customs that restricted women to merely caring for the house. Additionally, and perhaps more holistically, it created a field for middle class women to work as domestic servants.

Example: "The          that pervaded middle-class American culture in the antebellum era assigned women the role of moral guardian of the home, celebrating their piety, purity, and submissiveness while simultaneously excluding them from public life and reinforcing their legal and economic dependence on men."

Cultural nationalism

In the 1980's new social issues came up as conservatives fought new-right activists. During this time, many Americans with different cultural backgrounds (like the Japanese, Chinese, etc.) began to seek rights like the African-Americans had in the 1960's. They often fought such things as unfair laws and segregation.

Example: "The          that emerged among Asian American, Latino, and other minority communities in the 1970s and 1980s drew inspiration from the African American civil rights movement, as these groups organized to challenge discriminatory laws, celebrate their heritage, and demand equal representation in American political and cultural life."

Cyrus McCormick

Born in Rockbridge County, Virginia on 1809, he was very interested in helping out the fellow farmer. In 1831, he revolutionized the farming industry by inventing the mechanical reaper. He later improved upon it and patented it in 1834. He then started a company that manufactured this reaper and sold it on the market. He became tremendously rich doing this and later married. He was very generous to his nearby churches and schools.

Example: "        's invention of the mechanical reaper in the 1830s transformed American agriculture by enabling a single farmer to harvest grain many times faster than with hand tools, accelerating westward expansion onto the prairies and tying the Midwest's booming wheat production to Eastern and European markets."