Quiz 1 peds (growth and development)

What is newborn age?

0-28 days

What is infant age?

1 month - 1 year

What is toddler age?

1 year - 3 years

What is preschool age?

3 years - 6 years

What is school age?

6 years - 12 years

What is adolescence age?

12 years - 20 years

What did Piaget study

Characteristics of cognitive development in 4 stages that used an orderly process

What is the sensorimotor stage?

0-2 years

-The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact

-Object permanence and separate anxiety during this stage

What is the preoperational stage?

2-6 years

-Child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but they do not reason logically

-ability to pretend

-very egocentric (self centered)

What is the concrete operational stage?

7-12 years

-The child can think logically about concrete objects and can add and subtract

-conservation is understood

What is the formal operation stage?

12 years - adult

-The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms

What model did Erikson create?

psychosocial development

What stage of psychosocial development is present in infancy?

Trust vs. Mistrust

What stage of psychosocial development is present in Early childhood?

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

-age appropriate tasks

What stage of psychosocial development is present in preschool?

Initiative vs. guilt

What stage of psychosocial development is present in school age?

industry vs. inferiority

-they want to do their own thing

-they want to be the best

-they want to be the fastest

-building

What stage of psychosocial development is present in adolescence?

Identity vs. role confusion

-who they are

-their role in society

-they want to fit in but also be special

What stage of psychosocial development is present in young adulthood?

Intimacy vs. isolation

-forming strong bonds and connections

What stage of psychosocial development is present in middle adulthood?

generativity vs. stagnation

-going out and doing things vs. not

What stage of psychosocial development is present in maturity

ego integrity vs. despair

-What have you done in your life and how have you influenced those around you?

Gross motor in newborns

-Movements are uncontrolled and erratic

-Lack of neck strength

-Innate reflexes present

Fine motor skills in newborns

-Developing skills including brining hands to eyes and mouth, keeping hands in fists

-Beginning to swing arms at toys or people

Psychosocial in newborns

-Communicate primary through crying

-Bonding with parents is crucial for sense of safety and security

-Recognition of parents' voices help in calming

-They hear parents voices in utero and it becomes a comforting factor

Cognitive in newborns

-Every new experience requires thinking and learning

-Utilizing senses to adopt to the environment

Sensory in newborns (hearing)

Newborns start to recognize familiar sounds and voices

Sensory in newborns (vision)

Eyes may appear uncoordinated; focus best at 8 to 12 inches

Sensory in newborns (smell)

Well-developed sense; preference for sweet smells

Sensory in newborns (touch)

Sensory of security from being held; swaddling can prevent startle

Language in newborns

-Newborn language is primarily crying

-Parents body language and facial expressions communicate with the infant

-happy voices

-they pick up on body language

Play in newborns

-interactions through play helps develop bonding and brain development

-use of toys with different textures and bold colors/ patterns

-bold color patterns like black and white are fun!

How often do newborns cry for the first 4 weeks

1-1.5 hrs per day

How often do newborns sleep?

14-15 hours a day broken up

What should you teach parents about newborn weight?

-10% of newborn birth weight is usually lost in the first 4 days but should be fully gained back within 2 weeks

What should you educate newborn parents to do?

-encourage skin-to-skin contact, swaddling, and responsive care to crying

-Promote face to face communication and responsive care to crying

-suggest play activities to aid cognitive and visual development

Gross motor skills in infants

-rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and walking

-Learning to coordinate their movement (they are rolling on purpose) and allowing them to gain some independence

-Develops balance and coordination, setting the stage for fine motor development

Fine motor skills in infants

-small movements made by the hands and wrists, requiring coordination between the muscle groups and brain

-voluntary and coordinated movements with their hands and fingers, requiring precision

Psychosocial in infants

-Relationship with the parents allow for appropriate development of trust, communication and emotions

-separation anxiety starts at about 9 months

-Stanger anxiety starts at about 9 months

-You can not respond to crying right away with them because you need them to develop a sense of trust in their environment

Cognitive in infants (1month - 2 months)

Infants prefer contrast of shapes, colors, and faces develop preferences for people objects, and high pitches voices

Cognitive in infants (2 months - 6 months)

Begin staring at their hands and touching parts of their body

Cognitive in infants (6 months - 12 months)

As object permanence develops, the infant will begin to play games, such as peekaboo with the parents, they also like nursery rhymes

Language in infants

-Interactions with parents and stimulation of language is vital to the infants development and is closely associated with future literacy, academic achievement and health

-reading to children starting in infancy is strongly encouraged to build a good language foundation

-rhythming books are good

Play in infants

-Develop cognitive skills, express emotions, and react to situations

-social smile 4-6 weeks

-smiling and cooing 3 months

-interactive play 3-6 months

-They have more emotions then just awake and calm, they can also have displeased

Gross motor in toddlers

-15 months: they take a few steps

-18 months: climb on and off furniture

-2 years: kick a ball

-30 month: jumps off ground with both feet

-36 months: rides a tricycle and engage in play with other children

Fine motor skills in toddlers

-15 moths: stacking 2 small objects

-18 months: scribbles

-2 years: use of gestures appropriately such as blowing a kiss or waving

-30 months: Uses one or both hands to twist things like a doorknob or can turn a single page at a time

Psychosocial in toddlers

-Autonomy versus shame and doubt stage (Erikson)

-Inquire and process emotions, learn from mistakes, participate in self-exploration and begin to develop active imaginations and personalities

-Parenting strategies should include the following for toddlers

-use of praise

-Providing support

-Foster independence through opportunities for autonomy giving choice

-good activities are baking and letting them help

Cognitive in toddlers

-rapid cognitive development as up to 80% of child's brain is developed by age 3

-Following simple two-step directions

-Learning their major body parts

-Recognizing safety precautions

-Beginning to develop their imagination

-You need to use the correct names for body parts and also teach them the only people that are allowed to see their body parts

Language in toddlers

-By 18 months they should be able to say 2 syllable words and speak 5 or more words

-By 2 years of age the child should say at least a 2 word sentence and what's that does not count

-By 3 years of age the child should say at least 3 word sentence and speak well enough to be understood by others

Play in toddlers

-Solitary play

-Parallel play

-Peer or cooperative play

Safety considerations with infants and toddlers

-Shaken baby syndrome; teach to leave a baby in the crib when getting too angry

-Nurse maids elbow; when a joint pops out in the elbow

-Falls is a big one but make sure it is developmentally appropriate (baby's should not be falling they are too small)

-Watch out for discoloration of the shoulders or the hips

-Cracking head

-Drowning- never even for a second leave a baby alone

-Poising with led paint

-Make sure to anchor furniture

-child lock and baby proof everything

-Watch out for electrocution

-Check bath water with insides of wrists and compare to inside of elbow

-After warming a baby bottle swirl it

-Be careful of chocking and always cut grapes sideways

-Car seats

-check at discharge

-be in a rear facing car seat as long as it says

-Talk about it at every appointment

-straps should always be at the armpits

-car seats expire every 7 years

-Suffocation risk: baby's should sleep alone on the crib

Behavioral challenges in toddlers

-Negativism

-Tamper tantrums

-regression

-toilet training

-Autism (ASD)

-Dealing with other new babies coming home

Nutrition in toddlers

-Variety of foods inclusing protiens, fruits, vegtables and grains

-Multivitamins

-malnutrition

-iron deficiency anemia, make sure they do not drink too much milk

-encourage eating together

Sleep in toddlers

-adequate sleep is crucial for children of all ages

-Toddlers require 11 - 14 hours of sleep in a 24hr period

-recommended 12 overnight with a 2hr nap

Activity in toddlers

-physically active as much as possible

-180 min/ day

-active play rather than formal exercise

Health promotion in toddlers

-dental: once they have teeth

-care seat safety

-falls

-lead poising

Injury protection in toddlers

-Drowning

-Burns

-Sunburns: you cannot use sunscreen on baby's less than 6 months

-poising

-foreign aspiration

Gross motor in preschoolers

-running, jumping, and throwing become more refines

-coordination improves - skipping and hopping on one foot (galloping, summersaults, and attempting flips)

Fine motor in preschoolers

-Use scissors, draw shapes, and eventually dress themselves

Psychosocial in preschoolers

-Develop a sense of individuality and start to consider the thoughts and feeling of others outside their immediate family

-curious about the world and also what their family likes best

Cognitive in preschoolers

-Use words and symbols to represent objects and people

-Exhibit transudative reasoning and centration

-Piaget's theory

-Erikson's theory

Language in preschoolers

-Rapid expansion of their vocabulary, reaching over 2,100 words by the age of 4

-Surge in communication

-Language is literal

Play in preschoolers

-Associative play

-Cooperative skills, learn social behaviors, and increase their social competence

-Dramatic or pretend play is particularly important

-Play therapy

Behavioral challenges in preschoolers

-Speech issues

-Aggression

-Discipline

-Body image

-Sexuality

-PreK/ Kindergarten

-(They start asking what calories and and boy vs. girl things)

Nutrition in preschoolers

-Variety of food

-Healthy diet in preschool can impact long-term health

-expect them to go through food phases

-increased obesity and type 2 diabetes in children

Sleep in preschoolers

-Better emotional regulation, cognitive abilities, and school performance

-Preschoolers need about 12 hours of sleep per day

-Consistent sleep schedules

-children who are able to nap retain more info after

Activity in preschoolers

-Crucial for motor skill development, healthy weight maintenance, and problem solving

-180 min/ day

-activities should be varied

-safe environments and family involvement

Health promo in preschoolers

-car seat safety

-water safety

-Trampoline safety

-Bicycle safety

-poising

-vaccinees

-flu show at 6 months

Gross motor in school aged children

-Demonstrate smooth and strong gross motor skills, which can improve over time

-Continue to refine and improve with growth

-One hour of physical activity daily recommended

Fine motor in school aged children

-Develop and refine fine motor skills for tasks like writing, dressing, and performing household chores

-Continue to improve skills such as writing, drawing, and painting

-Try to avoid writing feeling like a chore

Psychosocial in school aged children

-Closely tied to their involvement with school

-Friends and peer groups become increasingly important, and children start mirroring the behaviors of others

-Peer acceptance is crucial during this age

Cognitive in school aged children

-Early school years emphasize fundamentals and routines

-By third grade, students can understand more complex concepts

Language in school aged children

-Language becomes more complex

-most begin reading at age 5

-by age 10 to 12 they read independently

Play in school aged children

-Highly active

-Engage in structured play activities

-Mix of unstructured and structured activities so they learn how to follow directions but also learn how to think creatively

Behavioral challenges in school aged children

-Bullying (1 in 3 report being bullied specifically in middle school)

-Self-esteem

-Academic achievement and parental support, constructive criticism is hard

-Body image

Stress in school aged children

-physical

-behavioral signs

-Healthy management of stress

school health in school aged children

-Nutritional diets

-Physical activity

-Support children with chronic conditions

-Foster health education and literacy

-Social and emotional learning

-Services within schools and communities

-Encourage kids to understand their body

-balance body image is hard but important

Safety in school aged children

-Bicycle

-Bus safety

-Social media and internet

-Firearms

Health promo in school aged children

-Nutrition

-Sleep

-9-12 hours a night

-60 mins a day

-substance use can be involved and they may be sexually active

Gross motor in adolescents

-Adolescents improve in activities involving large muscle groups

-Regular physical activity is crucial

-Nurses can encourage participation in sports and physical activities

Fine motor in adolescents

-Development influenced by genetics, environment, and personal experiences

-Activities requiring precision can enhance these skills

Psychosocial in adolescents

-Adolescents navigate hormonal, neurological, and emotional changes

-Peer relationships and family dynamics significantly impact development

-Nurses can support mental health by fostering positive identity formation and coping strategies

Cognitive in adolescents

-They develop abstract thinking, logical reasoning, and metacognition

Language in adolescents

-Adolescents' language use becomes more abstract and sophisticated

-Nurses can encourage reading and writing

Play in adolescents

-Play is still important for socialization and physical activity

-Promote encouragement in sports, clubs, and social media for hospitalized or isolated adolescents

What influences personal identity

-Vocational aspirations

-Relationship domain

-Gender identity

-Spiritual domain

-Ethnic identity

-Health domain

-Personal/family history

-Social media

Behavioral challenges is adolescents

-Self esteem (Influenced by peer and family relationships, physical appearance, and social norms)

-Sexuality (explore sexual feeling and desires during puberty and also provide comprehensive sexual education)

-Social (Vital for adolescents' mental health and well-being)

-Perspective on health

-High risk behaviors (substance use, unprotected sex, and reckless driving)

Health promo for adolescents

-Safety promotion!!!

-Healthy behaviors

-Safe sex

-mental health support

-Safe driving

-Protective gear

-Positive peer relationships

-Nutrition

-Sleep

-Physical activity

Health concerns for adolescents

-Hypertension

-Penile dysfunction

-Testicular torsion

-Gynecomastia

-Menstral disorders

-Endometriosis

-Premenstrual syndrome

-Vaginal infections

-STIs

-Contraception

-Pregnancy

-Abortion and reproductive rights

-Rape

-Eating disorders

-Depression

-Anxiety

-Substance use

-Self harm and suicide

Babies under 3 months

-Weight gain 5-7 oz a week

-Breast feed every 2-3 hours/ formula every 3-4 hours

-respond to parents voices

-social smile by 2 months

Babies at 6 months

-Birth weight is doubled

-Sit up when propped

-Can support some weight when in a standing position

-Can recognize familiar objects

Babies at 12 months

-Birth weight tripled

-Birth length increases 50% by one year

-They know their name

-They have favorite toys and books

-At 9 months ish they test their parents response

1, 6, 9, 12 month trick (heads shoulders knees and toes)

1 month: can pick up head

6 month: can sit up

9 month: can crawl

12 month: can stand

The pediatric milestone trick

-3 mo = "3" letter word "coo"

6 mo = "6" letter word "Babble"

9 mo = "9" letter word "imitation"

12 mo = "1-2" words

18 mo = "18" words

2 yrs = "2" word phrases

3 yrs = "3" word phrases

4 yrs = "4 or more" word sentances

Ages and what they can write/ draw at each

1 = scribble

2 = parallel lines (someone else draw first then they copy)

3 = circle

4 = cross

4-5 = square

5 = triangle

6 = six sided shape

Blocks and the ages

1 = 1-2 cube tower

1.5 = tower of 3 cubes

2 - tower of 4 cubes

2.5 = tower of 6 cubes

2.5 = L of 4 cubes

3 = bridge of 3 cubes

4 = 4 layer stairs