lecture exam #1 1302

the new republic #1

discussing the reconstruction and the political issues after the civil war 1865 - 1877

american civil war

1861 - 1865 ~ war between north ( union states ) and south ( confederate states ) over slavery and succeeding

results of the american civil war ?

social, political, and economic impacts; abolition of slavery, secession, and 625,000 soldiers were dead and with civilians around one million, and the south was destroyed

what was the shift from the old republic to the new republic ?

agrarianism ( land and farming ) and limited government to urbanization and centralized government

which political party dominated after the civil war ?

republican party from lincoln 1860 - roosevelt 1933 ; controlled white house for 64/72 years (lost two years to democrats cleveland and wilson)

what is the grand old party ?

aka republican party ; controlled h.o.r and u.s senate for 52 and 60 years

how were the black americans after civil war ?

recently freed and newly made citizens

what was the concern after the civil war ?

"how to reunite the country?"

how did the war affect the southerners ?

damages to both human and property loss ; many men lost their object in life and envied the dead & many social institutions were destroyed

reconstruction !

the period after the civil war in the united states when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the union

freedmen !

former slaves population

what were the three phases of reconstruction ?

wartime, presidential, and radical

why did lincoln start the civil war ?

to preserve the union

the presidential plan !

lincoln's plan for quick reunification, emphasizing forgiveness, and allowing seceding states to return

republican majority position !

agreed that secession had not destroyed the southern states but it had caused them to forfeit their constitutional rights and that it was up to congress to determine when those rights could be restored, not the president.

wade-davis reconstruction bill

1864 ~ bill abolished slavery, asserted congressional control, and prohibited confederate officials from voting but lincoln had vetoed the act

13th amendment !

1865 ~ abolished slavery

reconstruction amendments !

13 - abolished and continues to prohibit slavery, 14 - secured the rights of former slaves after reconstruction, 15 - prohibits each government in the us to prevent a citizen from voting based on their race

did the emancipation proclamation free the slaves ?

no but left freedmen without resources or homes

forty acres and a mule !

"redistribution" attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction - had promised blacks forty acres of land and a mule to plow with

freedmen's bureau !

sustain ex-slaves by feeding, clothing, protecting, educating, and providing supports for black southerners ; issued about 21 million rations : 15 mil to blacks & 6 mil to whites

president abraham lincoln

1861 - 1865 ~ 16th president of the us, republican, saved the union during the civil war, emancipated the slaves, assasinated by john wilks booth

president andrew johnson !

1865 - 1869 ~ 17th president of the us, tennessee democrat, elevated into presidency after assassination, and was a harsh and ruthless governor

union ticket of 1864

an election ticket which featured lincoln as the presidential candidate and johnson as the vp ; abraham lincoln was a republican and andrew johnson a democrat ( getting votes from both parties )

radical republicans !

republican party sought to punish the south ; wanted to break the power of the big southern landowners and wreck the democrat party

charles sumner and thaddeus stevens !

radical republicans

what did president johnson follow ?

radicals that they could control johnson but he preferred lincoln's presidential plan

black codes !

laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen, restricting the movement of freedmen to reduce disorder and lawlessness, and preventing blacks from voting

grand army of the republic !

an organization of union war verterns

waving the bloody shirt !

campaign tactic used by gop to rally votes with calls to avenge the blood of union soldiers

reconstruction acts !

four statutes passed by congress for reconstruction ; declared southern states not part of the us, abolished civil government, forbid ex-confederates from holding office, and dividing south into military districts

radical reconstruction !

1867 ~ three main goals : punish the south and its people, create a political alliance of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags to solidify power, and destroy the democrat party

carpetbaggers !

northern whites who moved to the south to take advantage of the post-war destruction and poverty to acquire wealth by buying from southerners or raising taxes

scalawags !

southerners who cooperated with carpetbaggers

14th amendment !

open to broad interpretation ; federal government greater power, defines american citizenship, etc.

how could the southern states rejoin the us ?

required to confirm the amendment to re-enter the union and it was illogical because the southern sates could not qualify as a member of the union until they preformed a function only union members can preform ; rigged !

command of the army act

increase the radicals influence on the us army and illegally denied president johnson to issue commands directly

what happened between the congress and president in 1868 ?

there was a power struggle ; by johnson firing and congress passing acts, it resulted in johnson's impeachment

impeachment !

charges against a president approved by a majority of the h.o.r ; ex: johnson

president ulysses s grant !

1869 - 1877 ~ 18th president of the us, republican, former union army general, and former slave owner

how did president grant win election ?

black votes played a significant roles in grant's victory and also elected black representatives

redeemers !

southern democrats who sought to "redeem" or liberate their states from republican rule

ku klux klan !

organization aimed to intimidate black voters and fight against carpetbaggers and scalawags, a secret terrorist group

15th amendment !

citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude ; didn't include women the right to vote until 19th amendment

the compromise of 1877 !

secret deal to resolve disputed election of 1876 ; republican rutherford b hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the president in exchange for his pledge to remove federal troops from the south, marking the end of reconstruction

the gilded age #2

discussing time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization, the corruption of the government, and railroads / laborers 1870 - 1890

how did the civil war affect the economy ?

led to an economic boom and post-war saw freewheeling capitalism and financial speculation

the gilded age !

1870s - 1900 ~ term by mark twain and charles dudley warner, highlighting social issues beneath a veneer of gold ; saw greatest economic growth ever

what is the #1 law of economics ?

supply and demand

how did living standards improve in the age ?

price of goods fell dramatically due to the increase and efficiencies of production ; technological advances displaced workers and older production

what was a pervasive problem in the gilded age ?

the blending of government authority and private businesses resulted in corruption

the second industrial revolution !

1870 - 1914 ~ expansion of technological advancements following the first revolution in great britain

three key stimulants of the second industrial revolution

development of interconnected network of railroad transportation and communication, widespread adoption of electricity, and application if scientific research to industrial development

what did the second revolution rely on compared to the first ?

large-scale steel and iron production and widespread use of machinery compared to the steam power, interchangeable parts, and mass production

corporation !

group of people legally authorized to act as a single entity ; gave rise to public relations, advertising, and managing

robber barons !

very wealthy men sought to combine all processes of the business - production, distribution, and services - into their business to dominate ; made daily life more efficient and comfortable for average people

notable robber barons

andrew carnegie - steel production, leland stanford - railroad magnate and founded stanford university for son, marshall fields - chicago department store, cornelius vanderbilt - shipping/railroad tycoon and founded vanderbilt university, j.p. morgan - industrial consolidation and banking (chase bank)

john d rockefeller !

founded standard oil company in 1870, ranked one of the world's greatest corporations and established university of chicago ; aggressive business practices made his success controlling about 90% of us refineries and pipelines

horizontal integration

eliminate competition ; by buying rivals and developing companies for distributing and marketing

were robber barons capitalists ?

no, it was a misconception that they supported free enterprise and free markets but instead they were bothered by its unpredictable dynamic and they saw it as unstable a a "ruinous competition" that threatened their corporations

what did the robber barons fixate on ?

maximizing their profits and converting the american economy to a managerial system so they could dominate their industries by forming monopolies

vertical integration

approach of traditional mass production in which a company controls all factors of a highly complex production process ; rockefeller : production from drilling and refining oil to making own barrels

trusts !

a joining of several companies into a single group with a board of trustees to manage it

sherman anti-trust act

1890 ~ passed to prohibit. monopolies to ensure free market competition, weak and wasn't effective

what did the robber barons do in the 1900s ?

turned from trusts to politics to center alice the economy, forming government-business alliance, powerful partnership for big businesses to stay on top

land grant colleges !

morrill act of 1862 granted to each state 30,000 acres of land for the purpose of establishing agricultural and mechanical institutions

what was the impact on land grant colleges ?

advanced the rise of professionalism and modernism by introducing scientific methods, offering laboratories, and teaching modern methods ; increased the amount of americans going to college ex: texas a & m

christopher scholes

invented the typewriter in 1867

alexander graham bell

invented the telephone in 1876

george westinghouse !

invented the air brake, received 361 patents for steam engine, became a major entrepreneur - opening 61 factories around the world

thomas edison !

best known genius of the age, an entrepreneur and inventor, applied principles of mass production and teamwork, developed the phonograph, electric light bulb, alkaline storage batteries, and motion picture camera, received more than 400 patents

war of currents

rivalry between edison and tesla and westington over electrical power systems, alternating current prevailed as the industry standard

what were railroads used for ?

way to move large quantities of manufactured goods and raw materials which could be shipped all over the country at low rates

transcontinental railroad !

1863 - 1869 ~ 1,907 mile rail line built to connect west coast to the national rail network, us government donated 44 million acres and provided $61 million in loans to three companies building it

chinese "coolie" laborers

employed foreign and immigrant workers to keep the cost down for building

the golden spike

ceremonially driven at promontory summit, utah, on may 10, 1869, symbolizing the completion of the rail line and the connection of the east and west

what was the impact of the transcontinental railroad ?

revolutionized the settlement and economy of the american west by quicker, cheaper, and more flexible transportation, expanding the national market, and enabling capital movement into the west

credit moblier scandal of 1872 !

"pay for play" contracted by union pacific for transcontinental railroad construction, overcharged $94 million for $44 million worth of work, during grant's administration ; company offered discounted stocks to congressmen to prevent investigation

whiskey ring scandal

government was defrauded of millions of dollars in taxes through the sale of forged revenue stamps with ringleader general babcock ( grant's personal secretary )

why did these scandals come up ?

the involvement of congress with big businesses

panic of 1873 !

first major economic crisis of american industrialism, loss of 3 million jobs, collapse of stock market, bank closures, and plummeting farm prices ; "panic" because people rushed to withdraw their money in fear of losing it all

greenbacks !

paper currency ; the government used banks to pay for war efforts, by july 1864, greenbacks created instability declining value to 35 cents, printing more worsened

gold standard !

stabilize the dollar's value based on a specified amount of gold ($20.67 per ounce)

great railroad strike of 1877 !

due to a decline in wages for workers, the workers responded with a violent strike, seizing, occupying, and stopping railroads and trains, strike spread throughout the country, ended with militia soldiers and troops

what did the strike lead to ?

laid groundwork to more labor violence like the haymarket square bombing in chicago in 1886, homestead steel strike in 1892, and pullman strike in 1894 and organizations of american labor unions

samuel gompers !

successful union organizer, founded the american federation of labor, served as the president from 1886 - 1924

american federation of labor !

group of smaller unions ; sought higher wages, better working conditions, eight hour day, membership in early 1890s was 200,000 then reached 447,000 in 1897

eight hour day !

the idea of eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation and eight hours for sleep, became a reality in 1914 by henry ford ; figured out that increase production using three shifts

conquering the west #3

discussing the expansion to the american west, the conflicts with the indians, and the mining influence

great plains !

aka great american desert is a vast grassland between the mississippi river and the rocky mountains ; in reality it is a moving target but geographers today define it as the area west of the 100th meridian

what do you think of the american west as ?

shaped by cowboys and indians through movies but that was really west of the post-civil war, largely, the west of the great plains

frontier thesis !

frederick jackson turner's thesis ; argued that the westward expansion and settlement of the american frontier shaped american identity and democracy and allowed americans to escape european customs, influences by germanic germ theory and social darwinism

why did people move to the frontier ?

for a fresh start and land, a place of opportunity and escape, filled up with people by 1890

how did lincoln and the republicans shape the american west ?

introduced legislative programs, enacted the pacific railway act in 1862, enabled the construction of the transcontinental railroad, and implemented the homestead act

the homestead act !

1862 ~ law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens, head of a family, willing to live on and cultivate it for five years ; many of the claims were abandoned because of the hardships and loneliness

what was the american cowboy ?

culture mix of english drover practices and spanish vaquero customs in texas

joseph g mccoy

transformed the cattle industry ; buy and ship cattle from abilene, kansas to stockyards in chicago, and advertised across texas

how was texas' economy affected post war ?

had no money for crop seed and no plows for their farms their economy suffered, but they did have texas longhorns

texas longhorns !

hybrid breed of spanish stock that came with coronado expedition and mixed with english cattle, able to survive in wild, a beast to long distance, had great immunity, and foraged food ; helped texas' economy because they were worth $30-$40 a head in chicago compared to $3-$4 in texas

how did the longhorns help texas ?

600,000 people in texas and 4 million head of cattle, forced texans to round up and drive their cattle to kansas to use their railroads in order to transport it to the stockyards to make money