Exam 1: Coverings of CNS and CSF

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Dr. Ghosh - Fall 2023

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75 Terms

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meninges

membraneous tissue that covered the brain and spinal cord; 3 components and all are continuous

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meningeal layers

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

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dura mater location

outer, thick layer of the meninge

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arachnoid location

the thin, middle layer of the meninge

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pia mater location

the thinnest, and innermost layer of the meninge

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components of the dura mater

periosteal and meningeal layers

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periosteum

consists of collagenous connective tissue and arteries that cover the inner side of the skull

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what are the periosteum and cranial bones supplied by?

meningeal arteries

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middle meningeal artery

largest vessel supplying the cranium

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what does the middle meningeal artery split into? when?

anterior and posterior branches

after entering the cranial cavity

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what does the anterior and posterior branches of the middle meningeal artery supply?

lateral surface of the cranium

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how many fossae does the cranial fault (floor) have? names?

3 fossae: anterior, middle, and posterior

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what is the anterior fossa formed by?

frontal + ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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what is the middle fossa formed by?

temporal and sphenoid bones

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what is the posterior fossa formed by?

occipital and petrous part of the temporal bone

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calvarium

roof of the cranial cavity

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structures in the anterior cranial fossa

frontal lobes of the brain, crista galli, and cribriform plates

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<p>crista galli</p>

crista galli

sharp ridge in the midline of the anterior fossa and is the attachment site for the falx cerebri (a portion of the dura)

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<p>cribriform plates</p>

cribriform plates

depression on both sides of the crista galli and is the location for the olfactory bulb

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structures in the middle cranial fossa

temporal lobe, hypophyseal fossa, optic foramen, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and foramen lacerum

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hypophyseal fossa

pituitary gland sits on top of this fossa

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optic foramen

optic nerve (CN II) and the ophthalmic artery pass through

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superior orbital fissure

oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and abducens nerve pass through

(CN III, IV, V, and VI)

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foramen rotundem

maxillary division of CN V (Vagus) pass through

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foramen ovale

mandibular division of CN V (Vagus) passes through

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foramen spinosum

middle meningeal artery passes through

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foramen lacerum

internal carotid artery passes through

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structures in the posterior cranial fossa

occipital lobe, cerebellum, brain stem, foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, and jugular foramen

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what part of the brain stem is included in the posterior cranial fossa?

mainly the pons and medulla

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foramen magnum

vertebral arteries pass through here

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hypoglossal canal

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) passes through here

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jugular foramen

internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and accessory nerve pass through (CN IX, X, and XI)

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what protects the brain?

the skull, cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier

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purpose of the cranial meninges

protects the brain from cranial trauma

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dura mater composition

opaque and is a single layer around the spinal cord and a double layer inside the skull

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what is located between the two dura mater layers?

venous sinuses

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what is occupied in the dura mater epidural space?

simple squamous epithelium and some fluid

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arachnoid mater composition

spider web-like, transparent appearance and contacts the epithelial layer of dura mater

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pia mater composition

follows all the tissues of the brain and spinal cord and cannot be distinguished from nervous tissue

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how is the pia mater attached?

to the brain surface by astrocytes

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epidural space

potential space superior to the dura

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subdural space

potential space between dura and arachnoid mater

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subarachnoid space

consists of connective tissue strands from pia to arachnoid

filled with CSF and contains the blood vessels supplying the brain

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arachnoid granulations

projections of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses to allow CSF to pass through to the venous system

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dural folds

folded inner layer of the dura mater that extends into the cranial cavity to stabilize and support the brain

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what do the dural folds contain?

collecting veins for dural sinuses

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dural fold names

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and falx cerebelli

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falx cerebri

where: attached to the front of the crista galli and goes back to tentorium cerebelli and hangs above corpus callosum

what: vertical divide in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres

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tentorium cerebelli

lies between the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum

runs transversely

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falx cerebelli

located in the posterior cranial fossa and extends vertically for a short distance between the cerebellar hemispheres

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what ventricles are located in the brain

lateral, third, and fourth

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location of lateral ventricle

deep within the cerebrum

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location of the third ventricle

connected by interventricular foramen

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location of the fourth ventricle

connected by cerebral aqueduct and connects to the subarachnoid space so it can return to the bloodstream

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venous draining in dural sinuses

veins draining the brain empty into the sinuses of the dura mater then goes into the internal jugular veins

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superior sagital sinus

space between the layers of the meninges and communicates with nasal vein in the front

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what drains into the superior sagital sinus

the superior cerebral vein and it is continuous with the right transverse sinus

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inferior sagital sinus

lies alone the free border of falx cerebri and drains into the straight sinus

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straight sinus (rectus)

located where the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli meet

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transverse sinus

lies in a groove on the occipital bone alone the margin of the tentorium cerebelli

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when does the transverse sinus become the sigmoid sinus?

when it reaches the petrous part of the temporal bone and is continuous with the internal jugular vein

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cavernous sinuses

located on the side of the sphenoid bone and drains into the transverse sinus via the superior petrosal sinus

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internal jugular vein

direct continuation of sigmoid sinus and receives all blood from inside the skull

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what is the 3rd major fluid of the body? what is the adult and newborn volume?

CSF

adult: 90-150 mL

neonate: 10-60 mL

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where is CSF produced? what is the rate?

choroid plexus of the 4 ventricles by modified ependymal cells

20mL/hour

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where does CSF flow through? what is the volume here?

through the subarachnoid space at a volume of 90-150 mL for adults

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where is CSF reabsorbed?

arachnoid granulation to eventually be reabsorbed into the blood

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CSF circulation

lateral ventricles → third ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → medial OR lateral aperture → cerebello medullary cistern (medial) OR pontine cistern (lateral) →subarachnoid space and central canal → arachnoid villi → superior sagittal sinus → sinuses → internal jugular vein

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how is the movement of CSF assisted?

pulsation of arteries in the subarachnoid space

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roles of CSF

1: cushions and insulates delicate nervous tissue

2: gives buoyancy to the brain

3: exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes

4: transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

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properties of CSF

volume: 80-150 mL

pressure: 80-180 cm H2O

glucose: 40-60 mg / dL

protein: very low

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hydrocephalus

enlarged ventricles with excess CSF

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blood brain barrier

restrictive barrier around blood vessels in the brain and is created by astrocytes

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blood brain barrier purpose

prevents most blood-borne toxins from entering the brain but not ABSOLUTE

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what can pass through the BBB?

O2, glucose, CO2, alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics