HBS Fall Final 2025

levels of organization in the body

cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism

anatomy

the study of the structure of body

Physiology

study of bodily functions and how body structure work together

axial skeleton

skull, vertebrae, rib cage

appendicular skeleton

appendages

coronal/frontal body plane

divides body vertically into anterior and posterior halves

sagittal body plane

divides vertically into unequal left and right portions

transverse body plane

divides horizontally into superior and inferior portions

medial body plane

vertically down the middle, equal left and right portions

KNOW REGIONAL TERMS

terms that describes specific regions of the body

KNOW DIRECTIONAL TERMS

terms that describes the location of 1 structure in relation to another

nervous tissue

location: nerves, spinal cord, brain

function: control, communication, made up of neurons that receive, interpret, and respond to signals

Epithelial tissure

location: outer layer of all organs and blood vessels in mouth and skin

function: aligned in sheets and works to absorb, secrete, protect, and sense for us

Muscle Tissue

location: muscles in the body

function:

• smooth- walks of internal organs, movement with organs

• striated/skeletal- attached to bones, voluntary, posture

• cardiac- walls of heart, p umps blood through heart

connective tissue

location: attached to and in between other tissue

function: holds organs in place, attach muscles to bones, link bones with joints, enable other tissues to stretch

histology

study of tissues

label long bone

fracture

crack or break in a bone. happens when abnormally twisted, bended, or impacted

difference between extra articulate and intra articulate when talking about fractures

extra= fraction doesn’t extend to joint

intra= fracture extends to joint, WORSE than extra articulate

transverse fracture

caused by bending

spiral fractures

fracture caused by twisting/spiraling

comminuted fracture

fracture caused by impact/ shattered

fracture repairing cells

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

osteoblasts

a bone forming cell, looks like jelly fish

osteoclast

cells that is in charge of bone resorption (breaks down bones and absorbs tissue). Cleans

sliding filament theory

explanation of how think and think filaments slide relative to one another during striated muscle contraction to decrease sarcomere length

muscle contraction steps

1. signal arrives- a nerve impulse triggers calcium to be released in the muscle fiber

2. binding site opens- calcium uncovers binding sites

3. cross bridge forms- myosin heads attached to actin

4. power stroke- myosin head pulls action inward, shortening the sacromere

5. release- ATP attaches to myosin, causing it to let go of actin

6. reset- ATP is broken down, ready for another contraction

orbicularis oris function

muscles that controls the movement of the lip

temporalis muscle function

open and closes the jaw, moves it forward and backward

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

myofibril

long, cylindrical organelles of striated muscle cells, threadlike structure

perimysium

sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers

muscle fiber

muscle cell

epimysium

sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle

nerves

bundles of neurons that work together to communicate functions of the body

endomysium

connective tissue that springs individual muscle cell

sarcomere

repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils

3 man types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Fibrous joint

immovable, cranial (skull)

cartilaginous joint

semi moveable, (intervertebral disk)

synovial joint

freely movement, 6 of them

Pivot synovial joint

rotation on axis

huge synovial joint

emblem and knee

saddle

thumb

plane/gliding synovial joint

movement across plane

condyloid synovial joint

wrist

ball and socket synovial joint

shoulder and hip

close up of muscle

farther away

range of motion

the range at which a joint can be moved

functions of brain

structure of brain

sensory neuron

neuron that takes in info from senses and takes it to the central nervous system

motor neuron