AP Euro Period One Flashcards

What was the Hundred Years' War?

A conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453 over territory and the French throne, ending in French victory and English expulsion from most of France.

Significance of the Printing Press

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, it transformed book production, enhancing the spread of knowledge during the Renaissance and Reformation, and leading to increased literacy rates.

Significance of Columbus' Voyage

Columbus' 1492 voyage under the Spanish flag led to the discovery of the Americas and sparked European exploration and colonization.

Effect of the Protestant Reformation

A 16th-century movement to reform the Catholic Church that established Protestantism and altered religion and politics in Europe.

Peace Treaty of Augsburg

A 1555 treaty allowing German princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism, ending religious warfare in Germany and promoting stability.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

A 1572 massacre of Huguenots by Catholics in Paris, escalating the French Wars of Religion.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 decree by Henry IV granting Huguenots religious freedoms to promote civil unity, marking a step towards religious tolerance.

Dutch East India Company

Trading company founded in 1602 to control Dutch trade in Asia, crucial for Dutch colonial expansion and global trade.

Louis XIV

King of France (1643-1715), known as the "Sun King," who centralized power, constructed Versailles, and exemplified

Treaty of Westphalia

1648 treaties ending the Thirty Years' War, recognizing state sovereignty and balancing power in Europe.

Fall of Constantinople

The Ottoman Empire's 1453 capture of Byzantine capital, ending Christian rule and expanding Ottoman territory.

Heliocentrism

Astronomical model with the Sun at the center, proposed by Copernicus in the 16th century.

The Prince

Machiavelli's 1513 treatise on power and pragmatic governance, foundational to modern political theory.

Martin Luther

German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging Catholic practices with his 1517 Ninety-Five Theses.

Act of Supremacy

1534 law declaring King Henry VIII as Supreme Head of the Church of England, marking the break from the Catholic Church.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England (1558-1603) known for strong leadership, defeating the Spanish Armada, and fostering English drama and literature.

Diet of Worms

1521 assembly where Martin Luther defended his writings and refused to recant, got exiled

Peasant Revolt

1524-1525 uprisings in the Holy Roman Empire against feudal oppression for social and economic rights

Dutch Revolt

Late 16th-century rebellion for independence and religious freedom from Spanish rule, resulting in the Dutch Republic.

Spanish Armada

Defeated fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England during Queen Elizabeth I´s rule, shifting European naval power.

Thirty Years War

1618-1648 conflict in the Holy Roman Empire between Catholic and Protestant states, altering European politics.

Bohemian Phase

The initial stage of the Thirty Years War, marked by the revolt of Bohemian Protestants against Habsburg rule, which led to the conflict's escalation.

Danish Phase

The second stage of the Thirty Years War, characterized by Danish intervention in support of Protestant states, led by King Christian IV, and marked by significant military conflicts.

Swedish Phase

The third stage of the Thirty Years War, during which Sweden, under King Gustavus Adolphus, intervened militarily on behalf of Protestant forces and achieved several significant victories.

Franco-Swedish Phase

The final stage of the Thirty Years War, characterized by French involvement alongside Swedish forces against the Habsburgs, leading to further destruction and a decisive conclusion to the conflict.

feudalism

A social and economic system in medieval Europe where land was granted in exchange for service and loyalty, leading to a structured hierarchy of lords, vassals, and serfs.

Centralization

The process by which power and authority are concentrated in a central government, often leading to the reduction of local or regional autonomy.

Machiavelli

An Italian diplomat and philosopher known for his political treatise "The Prince," which discusses pragmatic and often ruthless political strategies.

Humanism

An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the study of classical texts, human potential, and the importance of individual experience.

Northern Renaissance

A late 15th to early 16th-century cultural movement in Northern Europe focused on classical learning and realistic art.

Italian Renaissance

14th to 17th-century period in Italy of cultural and artistic revival, featuring humanism and figures like da Vinci and Michelangelo.

Papal Authority

The power of the Pope to govern the Catholic Church and influence political matters, often challenged during the Reformation.

Renaissance Papacy

Period when popes influenced politics and arts, promoting Renaissance culture and humanism.

Christian Humanism

Renaissance movement merging classical humanism with Christian beliefs, focusing on education and moral reform.

Mirandola

Italian philosopher known for 'Oration on the Dignity of Man', highlighting human potential and classical texts.

Secularism

the principle of separating religion from political and social institutions, focusing on worldly affairs and the importance of human reason.

Petrarch

Italian poet and scholar, regarded as the father of Humanism, who revived classical literature and valued individual expression.

Henry VII

First Tudor king of England (1485-1509), who ended the Wars of the Roses and established a centralized

Unification of Spain

The 1492 union of Ferdinand II and Isabella I, establishing modern Spain and expelling Muslims and Jews.

Habsburgs

A dominant European dynasty known for strategic marriages and territorial expansion, ruling over the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.

Ottoman Empire

A vast empire based in modern Turkey, existing from the late 13th to early 20th century, noted for cultural and military achievements, linking

Byzantine Empire

A medieval empire lasting until 1453, known for rich culture, art, and preservation of Greek and Roman knowledge.

Spanish Empire

A colonial empire that was one of the first global superpowers, known for its exploration, conquests, and wealth from colonies across the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Portuguese Empire

A maritime colonial empire from the 15th to 20th century, prominent in global trade and exploration across Africa, Asia, and South America.

Slave Trade

The forced migration of Africans to the Americas (16th-19th centuries) for labor, marked by inhumane conditions and exploitation.

Defenestration of Prague

The 1618 act of Protestant nobles throwing Catholic officials out a window, sparking the Thirty Years' War.