aphug megadeck

reference map

Map used to show landforms or places

physical map

A map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

political map

a map that shows political boundaries like countries, cities, and capitals.

thematic map

a map that emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area

cartogram

thematic map that shows statistical data by transforming space e.g. population

Choropleth Map

A map that uses differences in shading or coloring to indicate statistical ranges.

dot density map

thematic map that uses dots to indicate a feature or occurrence

graduated symbols map (proportional symbols map)

thematic map that indicates relativemagnitude of some value for a geographic region in which the symbol varies in proportion to datae.g. population

absolute distance

measures using a standard unit of length

relative distance

measurement of the social, cultural. and economic connectivity between places. ex( Usa and Iran vs Usa and China.)

absolute direction

finding a location using compass direction

relative direction

Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places

spatial pattern

the way things are laid out and organized on the surface of the Earth

clustering

objects that form a group. ex(coastal population)

dispersal

objects that are scattered ex(rural population)

elevation

height above sea level

spatial scale

hierarchy of spaces: local, regional, national, global

map distortion

all maps are distorted as a result of projecting a 3-dimensional surface onto a 2-dimensional surface in area, distance, shape, and/or direction

map projection

a way to transfer the 3-dimensional earth onto a 2-dimensional map to reduce distortion in area, distance, shape, and/or direction

geographic data

information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on earth (natural and constructed)

geospatial technology

technology that provides geographic data that is used for personal (navigation), business (marketing), and governmental (environmental planning) purposes

GIS(Geographic Information System)

• map created by a computer that can combine layers of spatial data
• data is displayed and analyzed to gain insights into geographical patterns/relationships
  e.g. vulnerability of the Florida Aquifer, school boundaries, crime rates

satellite navigation system

system of satellites that provide geo-spatial positioning e.g. GPS( can also come from written accounts)

remote sensing

collecting data with instruments that are distant from the area of study ex(planes, aircraft, satellites, ships.)

Online mapping and visualization

compilation and publication of web sites that provide graphical and text information in the form of maps/visuals e.g. homicide statistics

census data

systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population

satellite imagery

images of earth collected by satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world

absolute location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates( longitude and latitude)

relative location

describes the location of a place relative to other human and physical features

space(geography)

relational concept that acquires meaning and sense when related to other concepts e.g. geographers study phenomena across space

place

describes an area on the surface of the Earth with distinguishing human & physical characteristics

pattern

an arrangement of objects on earth, including the space in between those objects

Human Enviorment Interaction (HEI)

describes the ways humans modify or adapt to the natural world e.g. bridges, dams, houses, roads

distance decay

the idea that the likelihood of interaction diminishes with increasing distance

time-space compression

term that refers to the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even though their distances are the same

Time-space convergence

term that refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations e.g. TV, internet, satellite communication

Movement(geography)

describes the ways in which people, goods, and ideas move from place to place

flows(geography)

movement in a steady stream e.g. migration

Globalization

the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture

network

a system of interconnected people or things e.g. transportation, communication, financial, governmental

sustainability

meeting an increased demand for resources in a way that protects the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

natural resources

something found in nature and is necessary or useful to humans e.g. forest, mineral deposit, water

land use

the function of land e.g. agricultural, commercial, residential, transportation, recreation

enviormental determinism

theory that a society is formed and determined by the physical environment, especially the climate; the physical environment predisposes societies towards particular development; human society development is controlled by the environment

possibilism

the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.

spatial scale 2

analyzing data at different scales reveal variations/different interpretations of data

region

describes an area on Earth marked by similarity in some way (a way to organize space)

regionalism

refers to a group's perceived identification with a particular region e.g. the South

functional region

region marked by a particular set of activities that occur(southwest airlines)

formal region

region marked by a shared trait (cultural, physical, etc.) e.g. The Keys, The Caribbean

Perceptual (vernacular) region

region that exists as an idea e.g. the South, Kurdistan

regional boundaries

transitional and often contested and overlapping e.g. Kurdistan in Turkey and Northern Iraq

regional analysis

analyzing regions at a variety of scales-global, national, local

population distribution

the pattern of people scattered over an area

population density

the number of people within a given area, measure of total population relative to land size

major population concentrations

east asia, northeast america, south asia, western europe

human factors

culture, economics, history, politics

physical factors

climate, landforms, water bodies

ecumene

the habitable parts of the world

e.g. along fertile rivers, plains

arithmetic population density

measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area

physiologic population density

measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land

agricultural population density

measure of the number of farmers per arable land

political (distribution)

more laws, cities greater power/influence

economic (distribution)

more jobs, higher tax base, increase in poverty

social (distribution)

more education, more health care, greater diversity (language/culture), more crime

environment (effects from distribution)

deforestation, less space/room, pollution, natural resource depletion

carrying capacity

the number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources

population pyramid

provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex as well as a good indication of the dependency ratio within a country and is used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods/services

rapid growth (pyramid)

distinguished by a wide base

stable/slow growth (pyramid)

characterized by a rectangular shape

declining/negative growth (pyramid)

the base is smaller than previous cohorts

disrupted growth (pyramid)

significant gaps in the pyramid, usually as a result of war, strict population policies, or other drastic events

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49)

birth rate

number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

replacement fertility level

2.1 (slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality and childless women)

mortality (death) rate

number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

infant mortality rate

number of deaths during the 1st year of life (per 1000)

child mortality rate

number of deaths between the ages of 1 and 5 (per 1000)

maternal mortality rate

number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth (per 100,000)

migration

involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new locale

emigration

describes movement out of a particular place, out migration

immigration

describes movement to a particular place, in migration

transnational migration

migration across national boundsries

internal migration

migration within national boundaries

natural increase

birth rate minus death rate

population doubling time

the length of time for a population to double in size

social factor (influencing fertility, mortality, and migration)

gender empowerment, attitudes about family planning, contraception, marrying age and family size

cultural factor (influencing fertility, mortality, and migration)

religion/morality, ethnicity, values/attitudes, gender empowerment

political factor (influencing fertility, mortality, and migration)

government policies, gender empowerment, conflicts/war

economic factor (influencing fertility, mortality, and migration)

MDC/LDC, education level, employment opportunity, nutrition, health care, gender empowerment

demographic transition model

describes the relationship between population and the development of a country and can be used to explain population change over time

issues with DTModel

-describes the demographic history of europe (england)

-might not work outside said region

epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)

increase in population due to medical innovation (modern medicine) causing a decrease in the death rate

population explosion

the very great and continuing increase in human population in modern times

thomas malthus (1798)

argued that the size and growth of a population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods AND when there is an insufficient supply of food, people die

ester boserup (1965)

theorized that people will find ways to increase food production and improve agricultural methods in times of pressure

pro-natalist population policies

policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries with declining populations: Japan, Singapore, Denmark, Germany, Italy

anti-natalist population policies

policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have